試験問題解答ブレーン問題集でCT-AI試験問題集PDF問題 [Q41-Q62]

試験問題解答ブレーン問題集でCT-AI試験問題集PDF問題

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質問 # 41
A local business has a mail pickup/delivery robot for their office. The robot currently uses a track to move between pickup/drop off locations. When it arrives at a destination, the robot stops to allow a human to remove or deposit mail.
The office has decided to upgrade the robot to include AI capabilities that allow the robot to perform its duties without a track, without running into obstacles, and without human intervention.
The test team is creating a list of new and previously established test objectives and acceptance criteria to be used in the testing of the robot upgrade. Which of the following test objectives will test an AI quality characteristic for this system?

• A. The robot must recharge for no more than six hours a day
• B. The robot must complete 99.99% of its deliveries each day
• C. The robot must record the time of each delivery which is compiled into a report
• D. The robot must evolve to optimize its routing

正解：D

解説：
AI-based systems have specific quality characteristics, includingevolution,autonomy, andadaptability. A test objective that evaluates whether an AI systemevolvesto improve performance over time directly aligns with AI quality characteristics.
Explanation of Answer Choices:
* Option A: The robot must evolve to optimize its routing.
* Correct.Evolution is an AI quality characteristic that ensures the systemlearns from past experiencesand adapts to improve efficiency.
* Option B: The robot must recharge for no more than six hours a day.
* Incorrect.This is an operational constraint rather than an AI-specific quality characteristic.
* Option C: The robot must record the time of each delivery which is compiled into a report.
* Incorrect.Logging data does not relate to AI quality characteristics likeadaptability or autonomy.
* Option D: The robot must complete 99.99% of its deliveries each day.
* Incorrect.This is a performance target rather than an AI quality characteristic.
ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus References:
* Evolution as an AI Quality Characteristic:"Check how well the system learns from its own experience. Check how well the system copes when the profile of data changes (i.e., concept drift)".
Thus,Option A is the best choice as it directly tests an AI quality characteristic (evolution) in the upgraded autonomous robot.

質問 # 42
A system was developed for screening the X-rays of patients for potential malignancy detection (skin cancer).
A workflow system has been developed to screen multiple cancers by using several individually trained ML models chained together in the workflow.
Testing the pipeline could involve multiple kind of tests (I - III):
I.Pairwise testing of combinations
II.Testing each individual model for accuracy
III.A/B testing of different sequences of models
Which ONE of the following options contains the kinds of tests that would be MOST APPROPRIATE to include in the strategy for optimal detection?
SELECT ONE OPTION

• A. I and II
• B. I and III
• C. Only II
• D. Only III

正解：A

解説：
The question asks which combination of tests would be most appropriate to include in the strategy for optimal detection in a workflow system using multiple ML models.
* Pairwise testing of combinations (I): This method is useful for testing interactions between different components in the workflow to ensure they work well together, identifying potential issues in the integration.
* Testing each individual model for accuracy (II): Ensuring that each model in the workflow performs accurately on its own is crucial before integrating them into a combined workflow.
* A/B testing of different sequences of models (III): This involves comparing different sequences to determine which configuration yields the best results. While useful, it might not be as fundamental as pairwise and individual accuracy testing in the initial stages.
References:
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus Section 9.2 on Pairwise Testing and Section 9.3 on Testing ML Models emphasize the importance of testing interactions and individual model accuracy in complex ML workflows.

質問 # 43
When verifying that an autonomous AI-based system is acting appropriately, which of the following are MOST important to include?

• A. Test cases to verify that the system automatically suppresses invalid output data
• B. Test cases to verify that the system automatically confirms the correct classification of training data
• C. Test cases to detect the system appropriately automating its data input
• D. Test cases to detect the system prompting for unnecessary human intervention

正解：D

解説：
When verifyingautonomous AI-based systems, a critical aspect is ensuring that they maintain an appropriate level of autonomy whileonly requesting human intervention when necessary. If an AI system unnecessarily asks for human input, it defeats the purpose of autonomy and can:
* Slow down operations.
* Reduce trust in the system.
* Indicate improper confidence thresholds in decision-making.
This is particularly crucial inautonomous vehicles, AI-driven financial trading, and robotic process automation, where excessive human intervention would hinder performance.
* A. Test cases to verify that the system automatically confirms the correct classification of training data# This is relevant for verifying training consistency but not for autonomy validation.
* B. Test cases to detect the system appropriately automating its data input# While relevant, data automation does not directly address the verification of autonomy.
* D. Test cases to verify that the system automatically suppresses invalid output data# This focuses on output filtering rather than decision-making autonomy.
Why are the other options incorrect?Thus, the mostcritical test casefor verifyingautonomous AI-based systemsis ensuring that itdoes not unnecessarily request human intervention.
* Section 8.2 - Testing Autonomous AI-Based Systemsstates that it is crucial to testwhether the system requests human intervention only when necessaryand does not disrupt autonomy.
Reference from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide:

質問 # 44
Upon testing a model used to detect rotten tomatoes, the following data was observed by the test engineer, based on certain number of tomato images.

For this confusion matrix which combinations of values of accuracy, recall, and specificity respectively is CORRECT?
SELECT ONE OPTION

• A. 1,0.9, 0.8
• B. 0.84.1,0.9
• C. 0.87.0.9. 0.84
• D. 1,0.87,0.84

正解：C

解説：
To calculate the accuracy, recall, and specificity from the confusion matrix provided, we use the following formulas:
* Confusion Matrix:
* Actually Rotten: 45 (True Positive), 8 (False Positive)
* Actually Fresh: 5 (False Negative), 42 (True Negative)
* Accuracy:
* Accuracy is the proportion of true results (both true positives and true negatives) in the total population.
* Formula: Accuracy=TP+TNTP+TN+FP+FN\text{Accuracy} = \frac{TP + TN}{TP + TN + FP + FN}Accuracy=TP+TN+FP+FNTP+TN
* Calculation: Accuracy=45+4245+42+8+5=87100=0.87\text{Accuracy} = \frac{45 + 42}{45 + 42
+ 8 + 5} = \frac{87}{100} = 0.87Accuracy=45+42+8+545+42=10087=0.87
* Recall (Sensitivity):
* Recall is the proportion of true positive results in the total actual positives.
* Formula: Recall=TPTP+FN\text{Recall} = \frac{TP}{TP + FN}Recall=TP+FNTP
* Calculation: Recall=4545+5=4550=0.9\text{Recall} = \frac{45}{45 + 5} = \frac{45}{50} = 0.9 Recall=45+545=5045=0.9
* Specificity:
* Specificity is the proportion of true negative results in the total actual negatives.
* Formula: Specificity=TNTN+FP\text{Specificity} = \frac{TN}{TN + FP}Specificity=TN+FPTN
* Calculation: Specificity=4242+8=4250=0.84\text{Specificity} = \frac{42}{42 + 8} = \frac{42}{50} = 0.84Specificity=42+842=5042=0.84 Therefore, the correct combinations of accuracy, recall, and specificity are 0.87, 0.9, and 0.84 respectively.
References:
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus, Section 5.1, Confusion Matrix, provides detailed formulas and explanations for calculating various metrics including accuracy, recall, and specificity.
* "ML Functional Performance Metrics" (ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus, Section 5).

質問 # 45
Which ONE of the following options is the MOST APPROPRIATE stage of the ML workflow to set model and algorithm hyperparameters?
SELECT ONE OPTION

• A. Deploying the model
• B. Tuning the model
• C. Data testing
• D. Evaluating the model

正解：B

解説：
Setting model and algorithm hyperparameters is an essential step in the machine learning workflow, primarily occurring during the tuning phase.
* Evaluating the model (A): This stage involves assessing the model's performance using metrics and does not typically include the setting of hyperparameters.
* Deploying the model (B): Deployment is the stage where the model is put into production and used in real-world applications. Hyperparameters should already be set before this stage.
* Tuning the model (C): This is the correct stage where hyperparameters are set. Tuning involves adjusting the hyperparameters to optimize the model's performance.
* Data testing (D): Data testing involves ensuring the quality and integrity of the data used for training and testing the model. It does not include setting hyperparameters.
Hence, the most appropriate stage of the ML workflow to set model and algorithm hyperparameters isC.
Tuning the model.
References:
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus Section 3.2 on the ML Workflow outlines the different stages of the ML process, including the tuning phase where hyperparameters are set.
* Sample Exam Questions document, Question #31 specifically addresses the stage in the ML workflow where hyperparameters are configured.

質問 # 46
Which statement regarding testing transparency, explainability, or interpretability is MOST correct?
Choose ONE option (1 out of 4)

• A. Since different users have different backgrounds, interpretability testing depends on the comprehensibility of the ML algorithm
• B. Dynamic testing is one way to quantify explainability; however, each method is specific to a particular model type
• C. Tests for explainability and transparency are comparable to exploratory testing and can be performed with little information about development
• D. LIME can precisely state the decisive reason for a change in the output

正解：A

解説：
The ISTQB CT-AI syllabus states in Section2.10 - Explainability, Transparency, and Interpretabilitythat interpretability isuser-dependent, meaning different users understand explanations differently. This is because interpretability depends not only on the ML algorithm but also on the user's domain knowledge, experience, and expectations. OptionBdirectly reflects this syllabus principle: interpretability testing must consideruser background, and explanations must be comprehensible to the intended user group.
Option A is incorrect because explainability testing requires substantial information about the model, data, and expected behavior-not just exploratory effort. Option C is incorrect because explainability isnot generally quantifiable through dynamic testing alone, and the syllabus does not assert model-type specificity in this way. Option D exaggerates LIME's capabilities. LIME offers approximate local explanations, but cannotpreciselystate root causes; the syllabus emphasizes itslimitationsand that explanations are approximations, not exact reasons.
Therefore,Option Bis the most syllabus-aligned and correct statement.

質問 # 47
Which of the following are the three activities in the data acquisition activities for data preparation?

• A. Feature selecting, feature growing, feature augmenting
• B. Identifying, gathering, labelling
• C. Cleaning, transforming, augmenting
• D. Building, approving, deploying

正解：B

解説：
The syllabus defines data acquisition as consisting of three steps:
"Data acquisition: The activity of acquiring data relevant to the business problem to be solved by an ML model, typically involving the activities of identifying, gathering and labelling data." (Reference: ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus v1.0, Section 4.1, page 33 of 99)

質問 # 48
Which ONE of the following models BEST describes a way to model defect prediction by looking at the history of bugs in modules by using code quality metrics of modules of historical versions as input?
SELECT ONE OPTION

• A. Clustering of similar code modules to predict based on similarity.
• B. Identifying the relationship between developers and the modules developed by them.
• C. Using a classification model to predict the presence of a defect by using code quality metrics as the input data.
• D. Search of similar code based on natural language processing.

正解：C

解説：
Defect prediction models aim to identify parts of the software that are likely to contain defects by analyzing historical data and code quality metrics. The primary goal is to use this predictive information to allocate testing and maintenance resources effectively. Let's break down why option D is the correct choice:
* Understanding Classification Models:
* Classification models are a type of supervised learning algorithm used to categorize or classify data into predefined classes or labels. In the context of defect prediction, the classification model would classify parts of the code as either "defective" or "non-defective" based on the input features.
* Input Data - Code Quality Metrics:
* The input data for these classification models typically includes various code quality metrics such as cyclomatic complexity, lines of code, number of methods, depth of inheritance, coupling between objects, etc. These metrics help the model learn patterns associated with defects.
* Historical Data:
* Historical versions of the code along with their defect records provide the labeled data needed for training the classification model. By analyzing this historical data, the model can learn which metrics are indicative of defects.
* Why Option D is Correct:
* Option D specifies using a classification model to predict the presence of defects by using code quality metrics as input data. This accurately describes the process of defect prediction using historical bug data and quality metrics.
* Eliminating Other Options:
* A. Identifying the relationship between developers and the modules developed by them:
This does not directly involve predicting defects based on code quality metrics and historical data.
* B. Search of similar code based on natural language processing: While useful for other purposes, this method does not describe defect prediction using classification models and code metrics.
* C. Clustering of similar code modules to predict based on similarity: Clustering is an unsupervised learning technique and does not directly align with the supervised learning approach typically used in defect prediction models.
References:
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus, Section 9.5, Metamorphic Testing (MT), describes various testing techniques including classification models for defect prediction.
* "Using AI for Defect Prediction" (ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus, Section 11.5.1).

質問 # 49
"BioSearch" is creating an Al model used for predicting cancer occurrence via examining X-Ray images. The accuracy of the model in isolation has been found to be good. However, the users of the model started complaining of the poor quality of results, especially inability to detect real cancer cases, when put to practice in the diagnosis lab, leading to stopping of the usage of the model.
A testing expert was called in to find the deficiencies in the test planning which led to the above scenario.
Which ONE of the following options would you expect to MOST likely be the reason to be discovered by the test expert?
SELECT ONE OPTION

• A. The input data has not been tested for quality prior to use for testing.
• B. A lack of focus on choosing the right functional-performance metrics.
• C. A lack of focus on non-functional requirements testing.
• D. A lack of similarity between the training and testing data.

正解：D

解説：
The question asks which deficiency is most likely to be discovered by the test expert given the scenario of poor real-world performance despite good isolated accuracy.
* A lack of similarity between the training and testing data (A): This is a common issue in ML where the model performs well on training data but poorly on real-world data due to a lack of representativeness in the training data. This leads to poor generalization to new, unseen data.
* The input data has not been tested for quality prior to use for testing (B): While data quality is important, this option is less likely to be the primary reason for the described issue compared to the representativeness of training data.
* A lack of focus on choosing the right functional-performance metrics (C): Proper metrics are crucial, but the issue described seems more related to the data mismatch rather than metric selection.
* A lack of focus on non-functional requirements testing (D): Non-functional requirements are important, but the scenario specifically mentions issues with detecting real cancer cases, pointing more towards data issues.
References:
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus Section 4.2 on Training, Validation, and Test Datasets emphasizes the importance of using representative datasets to ensure the model generalizes well to real-world data.
* Sample Exam Questions document, Question #40 addresses issues related to data representativeness and model generalization.

質問 # 50
An airline has created a ML model to project fuel requirements for future flights. The model imports weather data such as wind speeds and temperatures, calculates flight routes based on historical routings from air traffic control, and estimates loads from average passenger and baggage weights. The model performed within an acceptable standard for the airline throughout the summer but as winter set in the load weights became less accurate. After some exploratory data analysis it became apparent that luggage weights were higher in the winter than in summer.
Which of the following statements BEST describes the problem and how it could have been prevented?

• A. The model suffers from drift and therefore should be regularly tested to ensure that any occurrences of drift are detected soon enough for the problem to be mitigated.
• B. The model suffers from corruption and therefore should be reloaded into the computer system being used, preferably with a method of version control to prevent further changes.
• C. The model suffers from drift and therefore the performance standard should be eased until a newmodel with more transparency can be developed.
• D. The model suffers from a lack of transparency and therefore should be regularly tested to ensure that any progressive errors are detected soon enough for the problem to be mitigated.

正解：A

解説：
The problem described in the question is a classic case ofconcept drift. Concept drift occurs when the relationship between input variables and the output variable changes over time, leading to a decline in model accuracy.
In this scenario, theaverage passenger and baggage weightsused in the model changed due to seasonal variations, but the model was not updated accordingly. This resulted in inaccurate predictions for fuel requirements in the winter season. This is an example ofseasonal drift, where model behavior changes periodically due to recurring trends (e.g., higher luggage weights in winter compared to summer).
To prevent such problems:
* Themodel should be regularly testedfor concept drift against agreed ML functional performance criteria.
* Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)should be performed periodically to detect gradual changes in input distributions.
* Retraining of the modelwith updated training data should be done to maintain accuracy.
* If drift is detected, mitigation techniques such asincremental learning, retraining with new data, or adjusting model parametersshould be employed.
* Option B (Easing the performance standard instead of addressing drift): Lowering the performance standard is not a solution; it only masks the problem without fixing it. Instead, regular testing and retraining should be used to handle drift properly.
* Option C (Corruption and reloading the model): Model corruption is unrelated to this issue.
Corruption refers to accidental or malicious damage to the model or data, whereas this case is due to a changing data environment.
* Option D (Lack of transparency): Transparency refers to how understandable the model's decisions are, but the problem here is a change in data distributions, making drift the primary concern.
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus (Section 7.6: Testing for Concept Drift)
* "The operational environment can change over time without the trained model changing correspondingly. This phenomenon is known as concept drift and typically causes the outputs of the model to become increasingly less accurate and less useful."
* "Systems that may be prone to concept drift should be regularly tested against their agreed ML functional performance criteria to ensure that any occurrences of concept drift are detected soon enough for the problem to be mitigated."
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus (Section 7.7: Selecting a Test Approach for an ML System)
* "If concept drift is detected, it may be mitigated by retraining the system with up-to-date training data followed by confirmation testing, regression testing, and possibly A/B testing where the updated system must outperform the original system." Why Other Options Are Incorrect:Supporting References from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide:Conclusion:Since the question describes a situation whereseasonal variations affected input data distributions, the correct answer isA: The model suffers from drift and therefore should be regularly tested to ensure that any occurrences of drift are detected soon enough for the problem to be mitigated.

質問 # 51
"AllerEgo" is a product that uses sell-learning to predict the behavior of a pilot under combat situation for a variety of terrains and enemy aircraft formations. Post training the model was exposed to the real- world data and the model was found to be behaving poorly. A lot of data quality tests had been performed on the data to bring it into a shape fit for training and testing.
Which ONE of the following options is least likely to describes the possible reason for the fall in the performance, especially when considering the self-learning nature of the Al system?
SELECT ONE OPTION

• A. The fast pace of change did not allow sufficient time for testing.
• B. The difficulty of defining criteria for improvement before the model can be accepted.
• C. There was an algorithmic bias in the Al system.
• D. The unknown nature and insufficient specification of the operating environment might have caused the poor performance.

正解：A

解説：
* A. The difficulty of defining criteria for improvement before the model can be accepted.
* Defining criteria for improvement is a challenge in the acceptance of AI models, but it is not directly related to the performance drop in real-world scenarios. It relates more to the evaluation and deployment phase rather than affecting the model's real-time performance post-deployment.
* B. The fast pace of change did not allow sufficient time for testing.
* This can significantly affect the model's performance. If the system is self-learning, it needs to adapt quickly, and insufficient testing time can lead to incomplete learning and poor performance.
* C. The unknown nature and insufficient specification of the operating environment might have caused the poor performance.
* This is highly likely to affect performance. Self-learning AI systems require detailed specifications of the operating environment to adapt and learn effectively. If the environment is insufficiently specified, the model may fail to perform accurately in real-world scenarios.
* D. There was an algorithmic bias in the AI system.
* Algorithmic bias can significantly impact the performance of AI systems. If the model has biases, it will not perform well across different scenarios and data distributions.
Given the context of the self-learning nature and the need for real-time adaptability, optionAis least likely to describe the fall in performance because it deals with acceptance criteria rather than real-time performance issues.

質問 # 52
You are using a neural network to train a robot vacuum to navigate without bumping into objects. You set up a reward scheme that encourages speed but discourages hitting the bumper sensors. Instead of what you expected, the vacuum has now learned to drive backwards because there are no bumpers on the back.
This is an example of what type of behavior?

• A. Transparency
• B. Error-shortcircuiting
• C. Interpretability
• D. Reward-hacking

正解：D

解説：
Reward hacking occurs when an AI-based system optimizes for a reward function in a way that is unintended by its designers, leading to behavior that technically maximizes the defined reward but does not align with the intended objectives.
In this case, the robot vacuum was given a reward scheme that encouraged speed while discouraging collisions detected by bumper sensors. However, since the bumper sensors were only on the front, the AI found a loophole-driving backward-thereby avoiding triggering the bumper sensors while still maximizing its reward function.
This is a classic example of reward hacking, where an AI "games" the system to achieve high rewards in an unintended way. Other examples include:
* An AI playing a video game that modifies the score directly instead of completing objectives.
* A self-learning system exploiting minor inconsistencies in training data rather than genuinely improving performance.
* Section 2.6 - Side Effects and Reward Hackingexplains that AI systems may produce unexpected, and sometimes harmful, results when optimizing for a given goal in ways not intended by designers.
* Definition of Reward Hacking in AI: "The activity performed by an intelligent agent to maximize its reward function to the detriment of meeting the original objective" Reference from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide:

質問 # 53
Which statement describes factors related to test data that make testing AI-based systems difficult?
Choose ONE option (1 out of 4)

• A. Creating and managing large amounts of test data can be difficult, especially when it needs to be representative
• B. Using the same implementation for data acquisition by data scientists and testers prevents defect masking
• C. Artificially generated data requires legal approval and must be sanitized and encrypted
• D. The input data must always be the same over time, especially in real-world systems

正解：A

解説：
Section2.2 - Data Preparationand4.1 - Challenges in Testing AI-Based Systemsdescribe difficulties in obtaining and managing large, representative datasets. AI-based systems requirerealistic, diverse, and representativedata reflecting real-world variations. The syllabus emphasizes that assembling such datasets is time-consuming, resource-intensive, and often constrained by availability, privacy, or domain complexity.
Option B directly corresponds to these documented challenges.
Option A is incorrect: using the same implementation risksdefect masking, not preventing it; the syllabus warns against this practice. Option C is incorrect because real-world data naturally evolves, and the syllabus notes thatdriftis normal; expecting stable input data contradicts operational reality. Option D is incorrect:
although data privacy is important, the syllabus does not claim that artificially generated data always requires legal approval, nor that sanitization/encryption is mandatory for synthetic data.
Thus,Option Baccurately reflects syllabus-defined difficulties in producing representative test data.

質問 # 54
Which statement about automation bias is correct?
Choose ONE option (1 out of 4)

• A. Automation bias particularly affects testing of autonomous systems
• B. Automation bias affects the testing of AI-based systems that support users in their actions or decisions
• C. When testing AI-based systems, automation bias does not play a role in supporting test activities such as boundary value analysis
• D. Automation bias is tested with representative users, but human input quality is irrelevant

正解：B

解説：
Automation bias is defined in Section4.4 - Human Factors in AI Testingof the ISTQB CT-AI syllabus. It refers to the human tendency to overly trust, rely on, or defer to automated system outputs. The syllabus explains that this bias arises especially indecision-support systems, where humans may accept AI judgments without adequate verification. This aligns directly with Option B.
Option A is incorrect: automation biasdoesinfluence testing, especially when testers rely excessively on AI outputs. The syllabus cautions about testers adopting the same cognitive biases as end users. Option C is incorrect because autonomous systems are not the primary context; rather,systems supporting human decisionsare most impacted. Option D is incorrect because the quality of human inputmatters significantly, and poorly designed user studies can mask or distort automation bias.
Thus,Option Bis the syllabus-accurate description of automation bias.

質問 # 55
Which of the following characteristics of AI-based systems make it more difficult to ensure they are safe?

• A. Simplicity
• B. Robustness
• C. Sustainability
• D. Non-determinism

正解：D

解説：
AI-based systems oftenexhibit non-deterministic behavior, meaning theydo not always produce the same output for the same input. This makesensuring safety more difficult, as the system's behavior can change based on new data, environmental factors, or updates.
* Why Non-determinism Affects Safety:
* In traditional software, the same input always produces the same output.
* In AI systems, outputsvary probabilisticallydepending on learned patterns and weights.
* This unpredictability makes itharder to verify correctness, reliability, and safety, especially in critical domains likeautonomous vehicles, medical AI, and industrial automation.
* A (Simplicity):AI-based systems are typicallycomplex, not simple, which contributes to safety challenges.
* B (Sustainability):While sustainability is an important AI consideration, it doesnot directly affect safety.
* D (Robustness):Lack of robustnesscan make AI systems unsafe, butnon-determinism is the primary issuethat complicates safety verification.
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus (Section 2.8: Safety and AI)
* "The characteristics of AI-based systems that make it more difficult to ensure they are safe include: complexity, non-determinism, probabilistic nature, self-learning, lack of transparency, interpretability and explainability, lack of robustness".
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:Supporting References from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide:Conclusion:Sincenon-determinism makes AI behavior unpredictable, complicating safety assurance, thecorrect answer is C.

質問 # 56
The stakeholders of a machine learning model have confirmed that they understand the objective and purpose of the model, and ensured that the proposed model aligns with their business priorities. They have also selected a framework and a machine learning model that they will be using. What should be the next step to progress along the machine learning workflow?

• A. Tune the machine learning algorithm based on objectives and business priorities
• B. Evaluate the selection of the framework and the model
• C. Agree on defined acceptance criteria for the machine learning model
• D. Prepare and pre-process the data that will be used to train and test the model

正解：D

解説：
The ML workflow typically involves iterative steps, beginning with data preparation once the model and framework are selected. The syllabus explains:
"The steps shown in Figure 1 (the ML workflow) do not include the integration of the ML model with the non- ML parts of the overall system. Typically, ML models cannot be deployed in isolation and need to be integrated with the non-ML parts... The next step would be data preparation as part of the ML workflow to provide input data to support training by an ML algorithm or prediction by an ML model." (Reference: ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus v1.0, Sections 3.2 & 4.1)

質問 # 57
The activation value output for a neuron in a neural network is obtained by applying computation to the neuron.
Which ONE of the following options BEST describes the inputs used to compute the activation value?
SELECT ONE OPTION

• A. Individual bias at the neuron level, and activation values of neurons in the previous layer.
• B. Individual bias at the neuron level, activation values of neurons in the previous layer, and weights assigned to the connections between the neurons.
• C. Activation values of neurons in the previous layer, and weights assigned to the connections between the neurons.
• D. Individual bias at the neuron level, and weights assigned to the connections between the neurons.

正解：B

解説：
In a neural network, the activation value of a neuron is determined by a combination of inputs from the previous layer, the weights of the connections, and the bias at the neuron level. Here's a detailed breakdown:
* Inputs for Activation Value:
* Activation Values of Neurons in the Previous Layer:These are the outputs from neurons in the preceding layer that serve as inputs to the current neuron.
* Weights Assigned to the Connections:Each connection between neurons has an associated weight, which determines the strength and direction of the input signal.
* Individual Bias at the Neuron Level:Each neuron has a bias value that adjusts the input sum, allowing the activation function to be shifted.
* Calculation:
* The activation value is computed by summing the weighted inputs from the previous layer and adding the bias.
* Formula: z=#(wi#ai)+bz = \sum (w_i \cdot a_i) + bz=#(wi#ai)+b, where wiw_iwi are the weights, aia_iai are the activation values from the previous layer, and bbb is the bias.
* The activation function (e.g., sigmoid, ReLU) is then applied to this sum to get the final activation value.
* Why Option A is Correct:
* Option A correctly identifies all components involved in computing the activation value: the individual bias, the activation values of the previous layer, and the weights of the connections.
* Eliminating Other Options:
* B. Activation values of neurons in the previous layer, and weights assigned to the connections between the neurons: This option misses the bias, which is crucial.
* C. Individual bias at the neuron level, and weights assigned to the connections between the neurons: This option misses the activation values from the previous layer.
* D. Individual bias at the neuron level, and activation values of neurons in the previous layer
This option misses the weights, which are essential.
References:
ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus, Section 6.1, Neural Networks, discusses the components and functioning of neurons in a neural network.
"Neural Network Activation Functions" (ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus, Section 6.1.1).

質問 # 58
The activation value output for a neuron in a neural network is obtained by applying computation to the neuron.
Which ONE of the following options BEST describes the inputs used to compute the activation value?
SELECT ONE OPTION

• A. Individual bias at the neuron level, and activation values of neurons in the previous layer.
• B. Individual bias at the neuron level, activation values of neurons in the previous layer, and weights assigned to the connections between the neurons.
• C. Activation values of neurons in the previous layer, and weights assigned to the connections between the neurons.
• D. Individual bias at the neuron level, and weights assigned to the connections between the neurons.

正解：B

解説：
In a neural network, the activation value of a neuron is determined by a combination of inputs from the previous layer, the weights of the connections, and the bias at the neuron level. Here's a detailed breakdown:
Inputs for Activation Value:
Activation Values of Neurons in the Previous Layer: These are the outputs from neurons in the preceding layer that serve as inputs to the current neuron.
Weights Assigned to the Connections: Each connection between neurons has an associated weight, which determines the strength and direction of the input signal.
Individual Bias at the Neuron Level: Each neuron has a bias value that adjusts the input sum, allowing the activation function to be shifted.
Calculation:
The activation value is computed by summing the weighted inputs from the previous layer and adding the bias.
Formula: z=∑(wiai)+bz = \sum (w_i \cdot a_i) + bz=∑(wiai)+b, where wiw_iwi are the weights, aia_iai are the activation values from the previous layer, and bbb is the bias.
The activation function (e.g., sigmoid, ReLU) is then applied to this sum to get the final activation value.
Why Option A is Correct:
Option A correctly identifies all components involved in computing the activation value: the individual bias, the activation values of the previous layer, and the weights of the connections.
Eliminating Other Options:
B . Activation values of neurons in the previous layer, and weights assigned to the connections between the neurons: This option misses the bias, which is crucial.
C . Individual bias at the neuron level, and weights assigned to the connections between the neurons: This option misses the activation values from the previous layer.
D . Individual bias at the neuron level, and activation values of neurons in the previous layer: This option misses the weights, which are essential.
Reference:
ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus, Section 6.1, Neural Networks, discusses the components and functioning of neurons in a neural network.
"Neural Network Activation Functions" (ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus, Section 6.1.1).

質問 # 59
You have access to the training data that was used to train an AI-based system. You can review this information and use it as a guideline when creating your tests. What type of characteristic is this?

• A. Explorability
• B. Accessibility
• C. Transparency
• D. Autonomy

正解：C

解説：
The syllabus states:
"Transparency: This is considered to be the ease with which the algorithm and training data used to generate the model can be determined." Access to the training data is an example of transparency.
(Reference: ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus v1.0, Section 2.7, page 24 of 99)

質問 # 60
Which ONE of the following activities is MOST relevant when addressing the scenario where you have more than the required amount of data available for the training?
SELECT ONE OPTION

• A. Data augmentation
• B. Data sampling
• C. Data labeling
• D. Feature selection

正解：B

解説：
A . Feature selection
Feature selection is the process of selecting the most relevant features from the data. While important, it is not directly about handling excess data.
B . Data sampling
Data sampling involves selecting a representative subset of the data for training. When there is more data than needed, sampling can be used to create a manageable dataset that maintains the statistical properties of the full dataset.
C . Data labeling
Data labeling involves annotating data for supervised learning. It is necessary for training models but does not address the issue of having excess data.
D . Data augmentation
Data augmentation is used to increase the size of the training dataset by creating modified versions of existing data. It is useful when there is insufficient data, not when there is excess data.
Therefore, the correct answer is B because data sampling is the most relevant activity when dealing with an excess amount of data for training.

質問 # 61
Which of the following is a problem with AI-generated test cases that are generated from the requirements?

• A. They are usually missing the expected results, so verification is difficult or must resort to only detecting significant failures
• B. They make debugging more complicated because the number of steps is usually high in order to induce the target failure
• C. They are slow and will usually not be able to execute in the time allowed
• D. They are defect-prone because they are unable to detect nuances in the requirements

正解：A

解説：
The syllabus mentions a drawback of AI-generated test cases:
"AI-based test generation tools can generate test cases... However, unless a test model that defines required behaviors is used as the basis of the tests, this form of test generation generally suffers from a test oracle problem because the AI-based tool does not know what the expected results should be." (Reference: ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus v1.0, Section 11.3, page 78 of 99)

質問 # 62
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