[2024年07月03日] 合格させるOMG OMG-OCUP2-FOUND100試験情報と無料練習テスト
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質問 # 13
Choose the correct answer:
Exactly two Player Instances are involved in the "Play Tennis" Use Case.
Which diagram depicts this scenario correctly?
- A.
- B.
- C.
- D.
正解：D
解説：
In UML use case diagrams, when specifying the number of actors involved in a use case, a multiplicity marker can be used. The multiplicity marker is a number placed near the actor symbol that denotes how many instances of the actor are involved in the use case.
Option C correctly uses a multiplicity marker of '2' next to the actor 'Player', which indicates that exactly two instances of 'Player' are involved in the "Play Tennis" use case.
Here is a brief explanation of why the other options are incorrect:
A) Option A shows two separate 'Player' actors involved in "Play Tennis" without a multiplicity marker, implying possibly different kinds of players, but does not specify that exactly two instances are required. B) Option B shows two 'Player' actors involved in "Play Tennis" without a multiplicity marker, also not specifying the exact number of instances required. D) Option D uses a multiplicity marker, but it is incorrectly placed near the 'Play Tennis' use case instead of the 'Player' actor, which does not follow UML notation for indicating actor multiplicity.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
C: Option C
質問 # 14
Choose the correct answer:
Which category of stakeholders should have prime responsibility for making decisions on the contents of a domain model, and why?
- A. All involved stakeholders, as they are knowledgeable and concerned.
- B. The testing team, as test-driven design is proven to be an effective approach to development
- C. The users, as they will be using the system when it is operational.
- D. Project managers, as they are responsible for delivering the right product to the customer
- E. The system architects, as they are responsible for the design of the system and its proper functioning.
- F. The customers, as they will own the system when it is delivered
- G. The development team, as they are responsible for the final implementation.
正解：C
解説：
In the development of a domain model, the prime responsibility for decision-making should ideally rest with the users, as they are the ones who will be using the system operationally. Users have the most direct and frequent interactions with the system, making them best positioned to provide relevant insights into what the system should do and how it should behave to meet their needs effectively. While other stakeholders such as customers, project managers, and developers play significant roles, the users' intimate knowledge of the domain processes and their requirements make them key contributors to ensuring that the domain model aligns closely with real-world application and utility.
質問 # 15
Choose the correct answer:
Consider the following diagram;
What is the minimum number of occurrences that must happen before the reception of m(200)?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
- E. 4
正解：C
解説：
The diagram shown is a UML Sequence Diagram, which is used to depict the interaction and order of messages between objects.
In the given diagram, we can see two occurrences of the message 'm' with different parameters (100 and 200), and one occurrence of the message 'p' with the parameter "run".
To determine the minimum number of occurrences that must happen before the reception of 'm(200)', we look at the order of messages:
* The message 'm(100)' must occur.
* The message 'p("run")' must occur after 'm(100)' and before 'm(200)'.
These two occurrences are the minimum necessary before 'm(200)' can be received by the object. The dashed line represents a return message, which does not count as an occurrence for this purpose.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
B; 2
質問 # 16
Choose the correct answer:
Consider the following diagram:
Whichdiagram presents a view of interactionA thatis consistent with the one shown above?
- A.
- B.
- C.
- D.
正解：B
質問 # 17
Choose the correct answer:
Which diagram shows inherited properties?
- A.
- B. Inherited properties cannot be shown In a specialized class.
- C.
- D.
正解：D
解説：
In UML, inherited properties are those attributes that are defined in a superclass and inherited by a subclass.
According to UML notation, when a subclass inherits from a superclass, it inherits all the attributes and operations of the superclass unless they are redefined.
Let's examine each option:
A: In Option A, the Customer class shows the attributes name and address repeated from the Person class. This is not necessary in UML to show inheritance and could imply these are different attributes that happen to have the same name.
B: In Option B, the attributes of the Person class are not shown in the Customer class. This is correct as UML assumes that all attributes and operations are inherited by the subclass, and there is no need to repeat them unless they are overridden or extended. In this case, the diagram shows inheritance correctly without redundant representation of inherited properties.
C: In Option C, the inherited properties name and address are explicitly marked as inherited. While it's possible to show inherited properties in this way for clarity, it's not necessary and is less common in standard UML class diagrams.
D: Statement D is incorrect because inherited properties can be shown in a specialized class, although it is not a requirement to do so for the properties to be inherited.
Based on the UML 2 Foundation specification, the correct way to depict inheritance without redundantly listing inherited attributes is shown inOption B.
質問 # 18
Choose the correct answer:
Consider the following diagram:
Which statement is correct according to the diagram?
- A. The object referred to as responsiblePerson can be a Manager.
- B. responsiblePerson can not refer to an object of class Client.
- C. responsiblePerson inherits from Person.
- D. Client and Manager have nothing in common.
正解：A
解説：
In UML class diagrams, relationships between classes are represented in a number of different ways, including generalization, association, and composition.
Looking at the provided options, let's analyze each one:
A: responsiblePerson inherits from Person - This is incorrect because theresponsiblePersonis an attribute of theTaskclass, not a class itself, so it cannot inherit fromPerson.
B: Client and Manager have nothing in common - This is incorrect because bothClientandManagerare specialized types ofPersonas indicated by the generalization arrows pointing toPerson.
C: responsiblePerson can not refer to an object of class Client - This is incorrect.responsiblePersonis typed byPerson, which means that it can refer to an instance of any subclass ofPerson, includingClient.
D: The object referred to as responsiblePerson can be a Manager - This is correct. SinceresponsiblePersonis an attribute of theTaskclass with the typePerson, andManageris a subclass ofPerson,responsiblePersoncan indeed refer to an instance ofManager.
The correct answer is based on the UML 2 Foundation specification that describes how attributes are typed by classes and can refer to instances of these classes or their subclasses (UML 2.5 specification, sections 9.3.3 and 9.5.3). The generalization relationship (represented by a triangle followed by a line) establishes a hierarchy between a more general element and a more specific element, which in this case means thatClient andManagerare both specific types ofPersonand can be used whereverPersonis expected (UML 2.5 specification, section 9.4.5).
質問 # 19
Choose the correct answer:
Consider the following diagram:
Which statement is true about the execution of Action c?
- A. Two or more Signals must be received, depending on x. before c will get executed once.
- B. After one Signal is received and either a or b is executed, depending on x. it will get executed once
- C. Action c will get executed twice, since a and b will eventually offer a token.
- D. Nothing can be said The diagram is invalid.
正解：B
解説：
The provided image depicts a block diagram with a signal, decisions, and actions. Here's a breakdown of the elements and why answer choice A is the most accurate:
* Signal: Represented by a vertical arrow labeled "Signal", indicating an external stimulus that triggers the process.
* Decision Diamond labeled "x>0": This diamond represents a decision point based on the condition "x greater than 0". The flow splits into two paths based on whether the condition is True (Yes) or False (No).
* Paths from the Decision:
* The True (Yes) path leads to an action labeled "a".
* The False (No) path leads to an action labeled "b".
* Action c: This action is positioned below the decision diamond.
Analysis of Action c's Execution:
* Upon receiving a Signal, the decision point is evaluated.
* Depending on the value of x:
* If x is greater than 0 (True path), action "a" is executed.
* If x is not greater than 0 (False path), action "b" is executed.
* In either case (True or False), after the corresponding action (a or b) finishes, action "c" is then executed once.
Other Answer Choices Analysis:
* B. Two or more Signals must be received... The diagram suggests execution upon receiving one Signal.
* C. Action c will get executed twice... The diagram indicates c executes only once after either a or b.
* D. Nothing can be said... The diagram conveys a clear sequence of actions based on the signal and the decision.
質問 # 20
Choose the correct answer:
Which statement is true about the following diagram?
- A. D has an invalid notation.
- B. C will be executed when B or D finishes.
- C. After A finishes, either B or D will be executed, but not both.
- D. A. B. C. and D are actions.
正解：C
解説：
The diagram likely represents a UML activity diagram, which is used to model the workflow of a system. The correct answer is D because it reflects the behavior of decision nodes and concurrent flows in UML activity diagrams.
In UML, when an activity reaches a decision node (depicted as a diamond), it chooses one among several alternative flows. In this case, after the completion of action A, the flow must decide between B or D, but not both, which is a fundamental aspect of decision nodes in UML. This is supported by the UML 2.5 specification, which states that a decision node routes tokens to one of the available outgoing edges based on the conditions evaluated at runtime, ensuring that only one path is taken.
Furthermore, the UML specification explains that the notation for decision nodes and the semantics of token flows are such that they support the modeling of conditional and concurrent behaviors within an activity. This is essential for accurately capturing the logic of complex systems and their operations.
For a more in-depth understanding, you can refer to the UML 2.5.1 specification provided by the Object Management Group (OMG), which details the notation and semantics of activity diagrams, including decision nodes and flows. Additionally, studying the official OMG UML 2 Certification Guide can provide further clarification on these concepts.
質問 # 21
Choose the correct answer:
The Sensor Controller state machine shown below is at rest in the Ready state. The acquireData event occurs.
What Is the complete sequence of behaviors that executes before the state machine comes to rest in the Acquiring Data state?
- A. deploy
- B. deploy, scanTarget
- C. logStatus. deploy
- D. logStatus. deploy. scanTarget
- E. logStatus. deploy. scanTarget. logStatus
正解：D
解説：
The provided image depicts a block diagram of a sensor controller represented as a state machine. The state machine transitions between the following states:
* Initializing
* Calibrating
* Ready
* Acquiring Data
The question specifies the state machine starts in the Ready state and theacquireDataevent triggers the transition.
Analyzing the image, we can identify the following behaviors for the scenario:
* logStatus: This behavior is depicted in the diagram as the first action upon exiting the Ready state. It most likely logs the current state of the sensor controller.
* deploy: The transition from Ready to Acquiring Data triggers the deploy behavior. This likely involves preparing the sensor for data acquisition.
* scanTarget: Upon entering the Acquiring Data state, the scanTarget behavior is initiated. This suggests the sensor controller is actively collecting data from the target.
Therefore, the complete sequence of behaviors islogStatus, followed bydeploy, and lastlyscanTarget, before reaching the Acquiring Data state.
Justification for excluding other options:
* Option A (deploy only) excludes the initial state logging and target scanning actions.
* Option B (logStatus.deploy) excludes the target scanning upon entering the Acquiring Data state.
* Option C (deploy, scanTarget) omits the initial state logging.
* Option E (logStatus.deploy.scanTarget.logStatus) includes an extra logStatus action after target scanning, which is not supported by the diagram.
In conclusion, based on the state machine diagram and the behavior descriptions, option D (logStatus.deploy.scanTarget) accurately reflects the sequence of actions that occur before the sensor controller arrives at the Acquiring Data state.
質問 # 22
Choose the correct answer:
Which one of the following is a Behavioral Feature?
- A. Method Invocation
- B. Method
- C. Constraint
- D. Classifier behavior
- E. Function
- F. Operation
正解：F
解説：
In UML, a behavioral feature is a feature of a classifier that specifies an aspect of the behavior of its instances.
A behavioral feature is implemented (realized) by a method. Operations are a kind of behavioral feature; they are the specifications of transformations or queries that can be requested from an object of the classifier.
Here's why the other options are not correct:
A) "Method" is not a behavioral feature; it is a realization of one. B) "Function" is more of a programming concept than a UML term and would likely be modeled as an operation if it's part of a classifier. D)
"Constraint" is not a behavioral feature but a restriction on some aspect of a classifier or a stereotype. E)
"Method Invocation" is not a feature; it's an action that invokes a method. F) "Classifier behavior" is a broader concept that defines the behavior characteristic of classifiers as a whole, not a behavioral feature in itself.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
C: Operation
質問 # 23
Choose the correct answer: Which technique does Abstraction incorporate?
- A. agile modeling
- B. information hiding
- C. complexity coupling
- D. context-driven decision making
正解：B
解説：
Abstraction in UML and software modeling often incorporates the technique of information hiding.
Information hiding is a principle that supports abstraction by ensuring that unnecessary details about software components are not exposed to other parts of the system. This encapsulation strengthens modularity and keeps various parts of the program independent of one another, which simplifies complexity in large systems.
Abstraction and information hiding are closely related; abstraction focuses on the high-level structure of the system, while information hiding protects the internal states and functionality of components, allowing changes without extensive impact on other system parts.
質問 # 24
Choose the correct answer:
Consider the following Activity:
- A.
- B.
- C.
- D.
正解：A
解説：
* The diagram displays an activity labeled "Account Authentication".
* There are two main paths branching from the start of the activity:
* One path leads to an activity named "Validate Password".
* The other path leads to an activity named "Send OTP".
* Both paths converge into a decision diamond labeled "Authentication Successful?".
* Depending on the outcome of the decision (Yes/No), the flow continues to either a "Grant Access" or
"Deny Access" activity.
Explanation of why Option B is Correct:
This diagram accurately represents the scenario of account authentication where there are two alternative paths for validation: using a password or an OTP (One-Time Password). The decision point after these paths merges the flow for a final decision on granting or denying access based on successful authentication.
Comparison with Other Options:
* Option A, C, and D show different activity sequences that don't align with the two initial validation paths (password vs. OTP) and the subsequent decision point based on authentication success.
References
* UML 2.5.1 Specification (Superstructure): Sections on Activity
Diagrams https://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.4/Superstructure/PDF
質問 # 25
Choose the correct answer:
Consider the following diagram:
How many event occurrences are specified in InteractionP?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
- E. 4
- F. 5
- G. 6
正解：E
解説：
An event occurrence in a UML Sequence Diagram refers to specific points in time where messages are sent or received. Each message send and each message receipt is counted as one event occurrence.
In the provided diagram for InteractionP, we have the following event occurrences:
* The send event ofm1().
* The receive event ofm1()by:Two.
* The send event ofm2().
* The receive event ofm2()by:One.
Counting these, we see that there are a total of 4 event occurrences specified in InteractionP.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
C: 4
質問 # 26
Choose the correct answer:
How many execution occurrence specifications are there in total on the diagram below?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
- E. 4
- F. 5
- G. 6
正解：A
解説：
An execution occurrence specification in UML sequence diagrams is represented by a thin rectangle on a lifeline. It shows that an instance is performing an action over a period of time.
In the provided sequence diagram, we can see three such thin rectangles on lifeline 'b', which indicates that there are three execution occurrence specifications.
* One for the message that comes from 'a' to 'b'.
* Another one for the message that 'b' sends to 'c'.
* And the last one for the return message from 'c' to 'b'.
There are no execution occurrence specifications on lifelines 'a' and 'c'.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
D: 3
質問 # 27
Choose the correct answer:
Which diagram contains only valid relationships?
- A.
- B.
- C.
- D.
正解：A
解説：
In UML Use Case diagrams, there are specific relationships that are valid between actors and use cases, as well as between the use cases themselves:
* Associationsbetween actors and use cases indicate that an actor participates in the use case. It is depicted as a solid line.
* Includesare dependencies that specify that one use case (the base) includes the behavior of another use
* case (the included). It is depicted with a dashed arrow with the stereotype «include».
* Extendsare dependencies where one use case (the extension) conditionally adds to the behavior of another use case (the base). It is depicted with a dashed arrow with the stereotype «extend».
Let's analyze the provided options:
A) This diagram shows simple associations between actors and use cases, which is a valid relationship in UML use case diagrams.
B) This diagram attempts to use include relationships directly between actors and use cases, which is not correct. The «include» relationship is used between use cases, not between an actor and a use case.
C) This diagram shows a solid line arrow from one use case to another, which is not a recognized relationship in UML use case diagrams.
D) This diagram attempts to use extend relationships directly between actors and use cases, which is not correct. The «extend» relationship is used between use cases, not between an actor and a use case.
Therefore, the only diagram that contains only valid relationships according to UML standards is Option A.
質問 # 28
Choose the correct answer:
In UML modeling, what is the (unction of Comments?
- A. to provide useful information to the reader of the model
- B. to provide additional semantics to the model elements
- C. to enable automatic generation of comments in the code
- D. to add UML constraints to one or more model elements of the diagrams
正解：A
解説：
In UML, Comments are annotations that can be attached to most elements within UML diagrams. Their primary function is not to affect the semantics of the model directly but to provide useful information to anyone reading the model. Comments can help explain or clarify design decisions, make notes about specific parts of the model, or provide any other context necessary for understanding the model better.
The role of Comments in UML is not to enable automatic generation of code comments or to add constraints or semantics to model elements, although they can be associated with model elements to highlight or explain specific attributes or relationships.
References:
* UML 2.x Superstructure Specification: This document describes Comments as a way to provide human-readable descriptions and notes that do not impact the execution or structure of the model but are crucial for documentation and understanding.
* UML 2.x Infrastructure Specification: Further delineates the role of comments in providing clarifications and additional information useful for model interpretation.
質問 # 29
Choose the correct answer:
Which UML term pair captures complementary ways of looking at a relationship?
- A. generalization / specialization
- B. dependency / trace
- C. use / implement
- D. include / extend
- E. aggregation / composition
正解：E
解説：
The UML term pair that captures complementary ways of looking at a relationship is "aggregation / composition". Both terms describe types of associations between classes but differ in the degree of ownership and lifecycle dependency between the involved objects. Aggregation implies a weaker relationship where the parent class contains or is linked to other classes but does not strictly control their lifecycle (e.g., a university and its students). Composition, on the other hand, implies a stronger relationship where the parent class has full responsibility for the lifecycle of the associated classes (e.g., a house and its rooms). Understanding these relationships helps model systems more accurately in terms of object ownership and lifecycle management.
質問 # 30
Choose the correct answer:
Consider the following class definition:
Which diagram fragment shows an instance of the Company class in which name has the value OMG?
- A.
- B.
- C.
- D.
- E.
- F.
正解：A
解説：
To represent an instance of a class in a UML Object Diagram, the standard notation is to specify the instance name followed by a colon and the class name, and then list the attribute values within the compartment.
The class definition forCompanyspecifies that there is one attribute,name, of typeString.
An instance ofCompanywhere thenameattribute has the value "OMG" would be shown as follows:
InstanceName :ClassNameattributeName=attributeValue
In the provided options, Option D correctly represents an instance of theCompanyclass with thenameattribute set to "OMG". The name of the instance is not specified, which is allowed in UML when the instance name is not important or is understood from the context.
Thus, the correct answer is:
D: Option D
質問 # 31
Choose the correct answer:
Why are abstractions in a model helpful?
- A. Abstractions can be taken out and the model still makes sense.
- B. Abstractions can express or suppress detail as needed.
- C. Abstractions add the full detail to the model.
- D. Abstractions are not helpful, but rather a distraction in models.
正解：B
解説：
Abstractions in a model are helpful because they can express or suppress detail as needed. This capability is essential in managing complexity in a model by focusing on the high-level, essential aspects of the system while omitting or simplifying the less critical details. This selective detail management aids in understanding and analyzing the system's core functionality without getting overwhelmed by its intricacies. Abstractions facilitate clearer communication, more focused analysis, and more efficient system design by highlighting the most relevant aspects of the system in various contexts.
質問 # 32
Choose the correct answer:
Consider the following diagram:
Which statement is always true about this diagram?
- A. For every H object, there are fewer than 5 G objects associated with it.
- B. There are infinitely many H objects inside Pckg.
- C. There are between 1 and 5 G objects inside Pckg
- D. There may be an G object which has no H object associated with it through gh.
正解：D
解説：
The diagram shows a package Pckg that includes two classes G and H with a one-to-many association between them. The multiplicity '1..5' near class G on the 'gh' association end suggests that for each H object, there should be between 1 to 5 associated G objects. However, the '*' (multiplicity many) near class H on the 'gh' association end indicates that a G object can be associated with zero or more H objects. This implies that it's possible to have a G object that is not associated with any H object.
References:
* UML 2.x Superstructure Specification: Multiplicity notations and association rules are clearly defined in the UML specifications, which detail the semantics of multiplicities and their implications for object association.
* UML 2.x Infrastructure Specification: Further explains the basic constructs of the UML metamodel, which underpin the interpretation of multiplicities in associations.
質問 # 33
Choose the correct answer:
For projects involving complex and strategic systems, what is a key advantage of developing models before starting implementation?
- A. Modeling helps to convince developers that models are necessary for good design.
- B. Models are useful to provide proof of progress to project management.
- C. Models help to establish a consensus among all the project stakeholders.
- D. Developing models ensures that all requirements will be addressed.
正解：C
質問 # 34
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OMG-OCUP2-Found100試験は、その表記、セマンティクス、図など、UMLの基本的な概念をカバーしています。また、要件分析、設計、テストなど、さまざまなソフトウェア開発タスクにUMLを適用する候補者の能力も評価します。この試験は、複数選択の質問で構成されており、コンピューターベースのテストサービスの大手プロバイダーであるPearson Vueによって提示されています。
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