最新の2024年12月 PDMA NPDP問題集で更新された176問あります
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質問 # 86
Which of the following are good sources for new product concepts?
- A. External sources from educational institutions, inventors and other companies focused on pure research
- B. External sources from customers, including lead users
- C. All of the above are good sources for new product concepts
- D. Internal sources from R&D, Marketing and/or operations
正解：C
解説：
New product concepts can originate from a variety of sources, both internal and external. Internal sources include R&D, marketing, and operations teams who can leverage their knowledge and experience within the company to generate new ideas. External sources encompass educational institutions, inventors, and other companies engaged in pure research, providing a wealth of innovative ideas and technological advancements.
Customers, particularly lead users, are also valuable sources of new product concepts as they often provide insights into unmet needs and emerging trends.
References:
Ulrich, K. T., & Eppinger, S. D. (2015). Product Design and Development. McGraw-Hill Education.
Von Hippel, E. (1986). Lead Users: A Source of Novel Product Concepts. Management Science.
質問 # 87
Secondary research should be conducted __________.
- A. When ethnographic research cannot be conducted
- B. Mainly during the late stages of a project
- C. After primary research
- D. Before primary research
正解：D
解説：
Secondary research should be conducted "before primary research". Secondary research involves gathering existing data from various sources such as industry reports, academic journals, and online databases. It is a preliminary step that helps to understand the existing knowledge, identify gaps, and formulate hypotheses.
Conducting secondary research before primary research saves time and resources by leveraging existing information and providing a foundation for designing effective primary research studies.
質問 # 88
Which pair of variables is NOT common in visual bubble chart displays of the balance of a portfolio?
- A. Cost versus benefit
- B. Ease versus attractiveness
- C. Risk versus reward
- D. Net present value versus return on investment
正解：D
解説：
Net present value (NPV) versus return on investment (ROI) is not a common pair of variables in visual bubble chart displays of the balance of a portfolio. Bubble charts typically display variables such as risk versus reward, cost versus benefit, and ease versus attractiveness. These pairs provide a visual representation of different dimensions of project or portfolio performance, helping to identify which projects offer the best balance of risk and reward, cost and benefit, or ease of implementation versus attractiveness of outcomes.
References:
Cooper, R. G., Edgett, S. J., & Kleinschmidt, E. J. (2001). Portfolio Management for New Products.
Basic Books.
McGrath, R. G., & MacMillan, I. C. (2000). The Entrepreneurial Mindset: Strategies for Continuously Creating Opportunity in an Age of Uncertainty. Harvard Business School Press.
質問 # 89
A product platform is the set of all products in a product family.
- A. True
- B. False
正解：B
解説：
A product platform is not simply the set of all products in a product family. Instead, a product platform refers to a common architecture, set of components, technologies, or underlying structure from which a series of related products can be efficiently developed and produced. It allows for the creation of multiple products with variations, leveraging shared elements to reduce costs and development time. References: Meyer, M. H.,
& Lehnerd, A. P. (1997). The Power of Product Platforms: Building Value and Cost Leadership. Free Press.
質問 # 90
A unit of work small enough to be completed by the team in one sprint iteration is called?
- A. TPS
- B. Concept evaluation
- C. Scrum
- D. Product backlog item
正解：D
解説：
In Agile development, particularly within the Scrum framework, a unit of work small enough to be completed by the team in one sprint iteration is called a Product Backlog Item (PBI). PBIs represent discrete pieces of work that the team can tackle within a single sprint, typically spanning two to four weeks. They are prioritized by the Product Owner and refined during backlog grooming sessions to ensure they are ready for sprint planning.
References:
Schwaber, K., & Sutherland, J. (2017). "The Scrum Guide". Scrum.org.
Rubin, K. S. (2012). "Essential Scrum: A Practical Guide to the Most Popular Agile Process".
Addison-Wesley.
質問 # 91
Advantages of product use testing include which of the following?
I. Testing in real customer situations can uncover product strengths and weaknesses that testing in more controlled situations may miss II. Successful product use tests can lead to generate positive word-of-mouth III. Product use testing includes evaluating commercial success IV. Product use testing can be designed to test internal processes like installation and customer service
- A. II, III, IV
- B. I, II, III
- C. I, II, IV
- D. I, II, III, IV
正解：C
解説：
Product use testing has several advantages:
I. Testing in real customer situations can uncover product strengths and weaknesses that testing in more controlled situations may miss: Real-world testing reveals how the product performs in actual use conditions, highlighting practical issues and benefits that controlled environments might not show.
II. Successful product use tests can lead to generate positive word-of-mouth: When customers have a positive experience with a product during testing, they are likely to share their experiences, which can build early market enthusiasm.
IV. Product use testing can be designed to test internal processes like installation and customer service: This ensures that the entire customer experience, not just the product performance, meets expectations.
Evaluating commercial success (III) is not typically part of product use testing; it's more about assessing usability and functionality before full market launch. References: Crawford, C. M., & Di Benedetto, C. A.
(2011). New Products Management. McGraw-Hill Education
質問 # 92
One of the most commonly referred to success factors, relating to team formation, for product development projects is...
- A. A strong project leader
- B. Team members who enjoy each other's' company
- C. Cross-functional representation
- D. Lots of creative team members
正解：C
解説：
One of the most crucial success factors in product development projects is cross-functional representation.
This means having team members from various departments (e.g., marketing, engineering, finance, and design) involved in the project. Cross-functional teams bring diverse perspectives and expertise, which helps in identifying potential issues early, generating innovative ideas, and ensuring that all aspects of the product development process are considered.
References:
Cooper, R. G., & Edgett, S. J. (2008). "Maximizing Productivity in Product Innovation".
Research-Technology Management.
Griffin, A., & Hauser, J. R. (1996). "Integrating R&D and Marketing: A Review and Analysis of the Literature". Journal of Product Innovation Management.
質問 # 93
Strategic platform and/or driving decisions, usually under the control of the new product marketing manager, include which of the following?
- A. Determining what customer acceptance measures to use to define success
- B. Determining what issues to track in a launch management system
- C. Determining how to position the product versus the competition
- D. Determining whether to outsource manufacturing
正解：C
解説：
Strategic platform and driving decisions, typically under the control of the new product marketing manager, focus on market-facing aspects of the product. One of the key responsibilities is determining how to position the product versus the competition. This involves identifying unique selling propositions, understanding competitive strengths and weaknesses, and crafting a positioning statement that highlights the product's value to customers in a way that differentiates it from alternatives. This strategic decision is critical to the product's market success and aligns with the marketing manager's role. References: Kotler, P., & Keller, K. L. (2016).
Marketing Management. Pearson.
質問 # 94
Kano analysis can help you weed out requirements for different customers to determine which have the lowest priority.
- A. True
- B. False
正解：B
解説：
Kano analysis is a useful tool in product development for categorizing customer requirements based on their impact on customer satisfaction. It helps to identify which features will delight customers and which are basic expectations. However, its primary purpose is not to weed out low-priority requirements but to prioritize features based on their potential to satisfy customers. Here's a detailed look:
Basic Needs: Features that customers expect and consider essential. Their absence leads to dissatisfaction.
Performance Needs: Features that customers explicitly request and that improve satisfaction proportionally to their presence.
Excitement Needs: Features that customers do not expect but that can greatly enhance satisfaction when present.
While Kano analysis helps prioritize features, determining which have the lowest priority involves additional considerations such as cost, feasibility, and strategic alignment, rather than just using Kano analysis alone.
Thus, the correct answer is B: False.
References:
Kano, N., Seraku, N., Takahashi, F., & Tsuji, S. (1984). Attractive Quality and Must-Be Quality.
Journal of the Japanese Society for Quality Control.
Berger, C., et al. (1993). Kano's Methods for Understanding Customer-defined Quality. Center for Quality Management Journal.
質問 # 95
Who should be involved in the application of scoring new product opportunities:
- A. only the Chief Executive
- B. only the marketing manager
- C. only the new product manager
- D. a cross-functional team
正解：D
解説：
Scoring new product opportunities should involve a cross-functional team. This team approach ensures that various perspectives are considered, such as market potential, technical feasibility, financial implications, and strategic fit. A diverse team can provide a balanced and comprehensive evaluation, reducing the risk of bias and ensuring that all critical factors are accounted for.
References:
Cooper, R. G. (2001). "Winning at New Products: Accelerating the Process from Idea to Launch".
Perseus Publishing.
Griffin, A. (1997). "PDMA Research on New Product Development Practices: Updating Trends and Benchmarking Best Practices". Journal of Product Innovation Management.
質問 # 96
The following are included in what document type?
1. What needs to be done to do the work
2. Communicates essentials to all players, leading to integrated actions, providing targets and direction for outcomes
3. Defines the length of the process or cycle times
4. Defines requirements in terms that can be measured
- A. Product Protocol
- B. None of the above
- C. Product Innovation Charter (PIC)
- D. Product Concept Statement
正解：A
解説：
The document type being described is a Product Protocol. This document is essential in new product development as it outlines the critical elements needed to ensure successful project execution and alignment among all stakeholders. Here's how the points align with a Product Protocol:
What needs to be done to do the work: The Product Protocol provides detailed descriptions of the tasks and responsibilities required to complete the project.
Communicates essentials to all players, leading to integrated actions, providing targets and direction for outcomes: It serves as a communication tool to ensure all team members and stakeholders are aligned and working towards the same goals.
Defines the length of the process or cycle times: It includes timelines and milestones that outline the duration and phases of the development process.
Defines requirements in terms that can be measured: The Product Protocol specifies measurable criteria for success, including performance, cost, quality, and other critical metrics.
Therefore, the correct answer is B: Product Protocol.
References:
Crawford, C. M., & Di Benedetto, C. A. (2014). New Products Management. McGraw-Hill Education.
PDMA (Product Development and Management Association). (2017). The PDMA Handbook of Innovation and New Product Development.
質問 # 97
Which of the following are benefits of having a Business Strategy?
I. Business strategy directs choices about how to deploy resources
II. Business strategy directs how you will copy competitors
III. Business strategy helps a company sidestep competitive convergence IV. Business strategy drives product strategy
- A. II, III, IV
- B. I, II, III
- C. I, II, III, IV
- D. I, III, IV
正解：D
解説：
A well-defined business strategy provides several critical benefits:
I. Business strategy directs choices about how to deploy resources: It helps in making informed decisions on the allocation of resources to various projects and initiatives. III. Business strategy helps a company sidestep competitive convergence: It ensures that the company differentiates itself from competitors and avoids becoming indistinguishable in the market. IV. Business strategy drives product strategy: It provides the overarching direction that guides product development efforts, ensuring that products align with the company's goals and market positioning.
Copying competitors is generally not recommended as a strategic approach, as it can lead to a lack of differentiation and competitive disadvantage.
Thus, the correct answer is B: I, III, IV.
References:
Porter, M. E. (1996). What is Strategy? Harvard Business Review.
Hamel, G., & Prahalad, C. K. (1994). Competing for the Future. Harvard Business Review Press.
質問 # 98
Gates are defined as decision points based on deliverables, criteria and outputs. Outputs include:
- A. Go, kill, hold, recycle decisions
- B. Financial statements
- C. Yes or no decisions
- D. The highs and lows of impact and propability
正解：A
解説：
Gates in the context of project management are defined as decision points based on deliverables, criteria, and outputs. The outputs at these gates include go, kill, hold, and recycle decisions. This gating process is a key component of the Stage-Gate methodology, where projects are reviewed at each stage to determine whether they should proceed (go), be terminated (kill), put on hold, or sent back for further development (recycle).
These decisions help ensure that only viable projects move forward, optimizing resource allocation and project success rates (Cooper, 2001; PMI, 2013).
質問 # 99
What type of team structure should be chosen when minor changes to existing products are to be made?
- A. Functional
- B. Lightweight
- C. Tiger
- D. Heavyweight
正解：B
解説：
When minor changes to existing products are needed, a lightweight team structure is most appropriate.
Lightweight teams maintain the functional structure of the organization but add a project manager to coordinate the efforts of various departments. This approach allows for efficient management of minor product modifications without the need for a more disruptive, cross-functional team structure like a tiger or heavyweight team. It provides the necessary flexibility and speed for incremental improvements. References:
Clark, K. B., & Wheelwright, S. C. (1992). Managing New Product and Process Development: Text and Cases. Harvard Business Review Press.
質問 # 100
In sustainable development to abbreviation D4E stands for...
- A. Design for Evolution
- B. Design for Extinction
- C. Development for the Environment
- D. Design for the Environment
正解：D
解説：
In sustainable development, the abbreviation D4E stands for "Design for the Environment." This concept involves designing products with consideration for their environmental impact throughout their lifecycle, including material selection, manufacturing processes, usage, and disposal. The goal is to minimize negative environmental effects and promote sustainability.
References:
Graedel, T. E., & Allenby, B. R. (2003). Industrial Ecology. Pearson.
Sherwin, C. (2000). Design and Sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Product Design, 1(1), 3-11.
質問 # 101
The product concept description should include which three elements?
- A. Qualitative descrption, quantitative parameters nad technical deliverables
- B. Core benefits, tangible attributes and augmented features
- C. Competitive benchmark, concept description, qualitative measures
- D. Customer needs, enviromental factos, customer use reports
正解：B
解説：
A product concept description should clearly articulate the core benefits, tangible attributes, and augmented features of the product. This structured approach ensures that the concept covers the fundamental value the product offers (core benefits), the physical or measurable characteristics (tangible attributes), and any additional services or features that enhance the product's appeal (augmented features). These elements help in creating a comprehensive and clear product concept that can be effectively communicated to stakeholders and customers. Reference: "New Products Management" by C. Merle Crawford and C. Anthony Di Benedetto discusses these three elements in detail as part of the product development process.
質問 # 102
You are leading the strategic planning process for a horticultural company that is developing a new apple cultivar. A key element of the company's strategic planning is optimization of revenue from intellectual property. What specific form of intellectual property protection would you follow in this case?
- A. Plant variety rights
- B. Copyrighting
- C. Patenting
- D. Trademarking
正解：A
解説：
In the case of developing a new apple cultivar, the specific form of intellectual property protection to pursue would be plant variety rights (PVR). Plant variety rights are a form of intellectual property that grants the breeder exclusive control over the propagation of a new plant variety for a number of years. This protection allows the breeder to license the variety to others and to collect royalties, thus optimizing revenue from the intellectual property. This approach is particularly relevant in horticulture and agriculture, where new plant varieties need protection to ensure that breeders can benefit from their innovations (UPOV, 1991; USPTO,
2021).
質問 # 103
Jane has been evaluating the state of the innovation portfolio at ACME Bricks and Construcion. Several simultaneous projects use the same set of product development experts. Moreover, many of thse projects are being delayed and compete with other business priorities. What critical aspect of portfolio management Jane loo at to adress these issues?
- A. Strategy execution
- B. Resource allocation
- C. Project flow
- D. Agile project development
正解：B
解説：
Jane should focus on resource allocation to address the issues at ACME Bricks and Construction. Effective resource allocation ensures that the right amount of resources (time, expertise, and manpower) are distributed appropriately across projects to avoid bottlenecks and delays. By managing the allocation of shared product development experts and balancing their workload, Jane can reduce conflicts and improve the flow of projects. Proper resource allocation is a critical aspect of portfolio management as it directly impacts project completion times and the ability to meet business priorities (Cooper, Edgett, & Kleinschmidt, 2001; PMI,
2013).
質問 # 104
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