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質問 # 25
Which of the following statements about performance testing tools is NOT correct?
- A. Performance testing tools generate a load by simulating a large number of virtual users following their designated operational profiles to generate specific volumes of input data.
- B. Significant factors to consider in the implementation of performance testing tools include the flexibility of the tool to allow different operational profiles to be easily implemented, and the hardware and network bandwidth required to generate the load.
- C. Performance testing tools typically drive the application by simulating user interaction at the graphical user interface level to more accurately measure response times.
- D. Typical metrics and reports provided by performance testing tools include the number of simulated users throughout the test, and the number and type of transactions generated by the simulated users, and the arrival rate of the transactions.
正解：C
解説：
The statement about performance testing tools that is NOT correct is that they typically drive the application by simulating user interaction at the graphical user interface (GUI) level to more accurately measure response times. In practice, performance testing tools often simulate user interactions at a protocol or service level rather than the GUI level. This approach allows the tools to generate a high load by simulating many virtual users, which would be challenging to achieve with GUI-level interactions due to the higher resource consumption and slower execution speed associated with GUI automation.
Performance testing tools are designed to assess the performance of a system under a particular load and are not primarily focused on the user interface. They simulate multiple users accessing the system simultaneously, which helps in identifying bottlenecks, understanding the system's behavior under load, and determining how the system scales with increasing load. The tools typically simulate user requests to the server, bypassing the GUI to directly test the backend, APIs, or other service endpoints. This method allows for more efficient and scalable testing, enabling the simulation of thousands of users without the overhead of rendering the GUI.
質問 # 26
Which of the following is NOT a common issue with traditional capture/playback test automation?
- A. Difficult to maintain when software changes.
- B. Recorded scripts are difficult to maintain by non-technical persons.
- C. Data and actions are mixed in the recorded script.
- D. Execution of the recorded script is difficult outside office hours.
正解：D
解説：
Common issues with traditional capture/playback test automation include difficulty in maintaining the scripts when software changes (option A), the challenge for non-technical persons to maintain recorded scripts (option B), and the issue that data and actions are often intertwined within the recorded script (option C), which can make them hard to understand and modify. However, the timing of the execution of the recorded script (option D), such as the difficulty of running scripts outside office hours, is not typically a problem inherent to capture/playback test automation itself but rather an environmental or scheduling issue.
質問 # 27
There are multiple activities the Technical Test Analyst performs regarding test automation. Which of the following activities is a typical test automation activity that the Technical Test Analyst will perform?
- A. Define the business process keywords and related actions.
- B. Train the Test Analyst and Business Analyst to use and supply data for the test scripts.
- C. Execute the test cases and analyze any failures that may occur.
- D. Decide regarding a test automation project based on a business case.
正解：C
解説：
A Technical Test Analyst is primarily involved in the technical aspects of test preparation and execution. One of their typical activities includes the execution of test cases, particularly those that are automated, and the subsequent analysis of any test failures to identify defects and issues. This activity is more technical than defining business processes or training other analysts, and while making decisions based on a business case may be part of their role, it is not an activity directly related to test automation.
質問 # 28
Consider the code fragment provided below:
The comment frequency of the code fragment is 13%.
To which non-functional quality characteristic does a good level of comment frequency especially contribute?
- A. Maintainability
- B. Performance Efficiency
- C. Usability
- D. Portability
正解：A
解説：
The comment frequency in a code fragment relates to the number of comments in relation to the code size. A good level of comment frequency can significantly contribute to the maintainability of the software. Maintainability is a non-functional quality characteristic that refers to the ease with which a software system can be modified to correct defects, update features, improve performance or other attributes, or adapt to a changed environment. Comments in the code help developers understand the logic, purpose, and functionality of the code, which is crucial when modifications are required. This does not directly contribute to portability, usability, or performance efficiency, which are concerned with different aspects of the software's operation and user interaction.
質問 # 29
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding tools that support component testing and the build process?
- A. Both are used to examine source code before a program is executed. This is done by analysing a section of code against a set (or multiple sets) of coding rules.
- B. Both provide run-time information on the state of the software code, e.g., unassigned pointers and the use and de-allocation of memory.
- C. Both are used to reduce the costs of test environments by replacing real devices.
- D. Both provide an environment for unit testing in which a component can be tested in isolation with suitable stubs and drivers.
正解：D
解説：
Tools that support component testing and the build process are designed to provide a controlled environment where individual units or components of the software can be tested in isolation. This is typically done using stubs, which simulate the behavior of missing components, and drivers, which simulate the behavior of a user or calling program. This isolated environment is essential for unit testing because it allows testers to find defects within the boundaries of a single component before integrating it into the larger system.
質問 # 30
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding tools that support component testing and the build process?
- A. Component testing tools are the basis for a continuous integration environment.
- B. Component testing tools are typically specific to the programming language and may be used to automate unit testing.
- C. Build automations tools facilitate manual testing at a low level by allowing the change of variables values during test execution.
- D. Component testing and build automation tools are only used by developers.
正解：B
解説：
Component testing tools, which are often specific to a programming language, are used to automate unit tests (answer C). These tools help to validate the functionality of individual components or units of code in isolation from the rest of the application. While build automation tools are indeed used by developers and are related to continuous integration (answers A and D), and they can facilitate testing at various levels (answer B), component testing tools' primary purpose is to support the testing of individual components, often through automated unit tests, which can be specific to the language in which the components are written.
質問 # 31
Consider the following specification:
If you are flying with an economy ticket, there is a possibility that you may get upgraded to business class, especially if you hold a gold card in the airline's frequent flier program. If you don't hold a gold card, there is a possibility that you will get 'bumped' off the flight if it is full when you check in late.
This is shown in the control flow graph below. Note that each box (i.e., statement, decision) has been numbered.
Three tests have been run:
Test 1: Gold card holder who gets upgraded to business class
Test 2: Non-gold card holder who stays in economy
Test 3: A person who is bumped from the flight
What is the level of decision coverage achieved by these three tests?
- A. 80%
- B. 75%
- C. 67%
- D. 60%
正解：C
解説：
The control flow graph provided illustrates the decision points for an airline's upgrade and boarding process. Decision coverage is a measure of the percentage of decision points executed during testing:
Test 1 covers the decision points: Gold card? (Yes) and Business full? (No).
Test 2 covers: Gold card? (No) and Economy full? (No).
Test 3 covers the decision that leads to being bumped from the flight, which is Economy full? (Yes) and Business full? (Yes).
From the given tests, the decision points for Gold card? (No) and Business full? (No) are not tested, leaving us with 4 out of 6 decision points covered, which is approximately 67% decision coverage.
質問 # 32
The following characteristics were identified during an early product risk-assessment for a software system:
* the software system needs to manage synchronization between various processes
* microcontrollers will be used that will limit product performance
* the hardware that will be used will make use of timeslots
* the number of tasks supported in parallel by the software system is large and are often highly complex.
Based on the information provided, which of the following non-functional test types is MOST appropriate to be performed?
- A. Maintainability testing
- B. Portability testing
- C. Time-behaviour testing
- D. Security testing
正解：C
解説：
The characteristics listed in the question point towards the need to manage synchronization between processes and make efficient use of limited hardware resources, such as microcontrollers and timeslots. Additionally, the complexity and concurrency of tasks highlight the importance of the software's performance over time. Time-behaviour testing is the most appropriate non-functional test type to perform in this scenario as it focuses on evaluating the timing aspects of the system, such as response times, processing times, and throughput rates. It ensures that the system meets its time-related requirements, which is critical for systems reliant on synchronization and limited by hardware performance constraints.
質問 # 33
At which test level would reliability testing most likely be performed?
- A. Component testing
- B. Functional acceptance testing
- C. Static testing
- D. System testing
正解：D
解説：
Reliability testing is aimed at verifying the software's ability to function under expected conditions for a specified period of time. It is typically conducted during system testing, where the software is tested in its entirety to ensure that all components work together as expected in an environment that closely simulates the production environment. Reliability testing is not typically associated with static testing, component testing, or functional acceptance testing, as these levels of testing do not address the overall behavior of the system over time.
質問 # 34
Consider the pseudo code provided below regarding a customer request for cash withdrawal from an ATM.
If the customer has sufficient funds in their account
OR the customer has the credit granted
THEN the ATM machine pays out the requested amount to the customer
Which of the following test cases would be the result of applying multiple condition testing, but would NOT be the result of applying modified condition/decision testing?
- A. TC 2: Customer does not have sufficient funds. Credit has been granted.
- B. TC 1: Customer has sufficient funds. Credit has not been granted.
- C. TC 4: Customer has sufficient funds. Credit has been granted.
- D. TC 3: Customer does not have sufficient funds. Credit has not been granted.
正解：D
解説：
Multiple condition testing requires each possible combination of conditions to be tested, whereas modified condition/decision testing (MC/DC) requires each condition to be shown to independently affect the outcome. In the case of the ATM withdrawal, TC 3 (Customer does not have sufficient funds and credit has not been granted) would not result in the machine paying out, which is a result of applying multiple condition testing. However, for MC/DC, this test case would not be included because it doesn't provide an independent assessment of either condition's effect on the decision since both conditions are negative and the outcome is as expected (no payout).
質問 # 35
You are asked to provide a practical and pragmatic testing solution for a commercial system where the main user interface is via the Internet. It is critical that the company's existing good name and market profile are not damaged in any way. Time to market is not a critical issue when appropriate testing solutions are identified to mitigate business risks.
A product risk assessment has revealed the following product risk:
* Abnormal application termination due to connection failure of the main interface.
Which of the following is the appropriate test type to address this risk?
- A. Portability testing
- B. Operability testing
- C. Reliability testing
- D. Performance efficiency testing
正解：C
解説：
Reliability testing is the process of checking whether the software consistently performs according to its specifications. For a commercial system with a critical internet-based user interface, ensuring that the application can handle connection failures without abnormal terminations is essential. Reliability testing would include testing the system's ability to recover from failures and continue operating, which directly addresses the risk identified.
質問 # 36
Which of the following statements best captures the difference between data-driven and keyword-driven test automation?
- A. Keyword-driven test automation extends data-driven automation by defining keywords corresponding to business processes.
- B. Keyword-driven test automation is easier to develop than data-driven test automation.
- C. Data-driven test automation is more maintainable than keyword-driven test automation.
- D. Data-driven test automation extends keyword-driven automation by defining data corresponding to business processes.
正解：A
解説：
Keyword-driven test automation is a framework where test cases are written using keywords that represent the actions or tests to be performed on the system. This is an extension of data-driven test automation, which focuses on separating test scripts from the test data, allowing the same test script to be run with various sets of data. Keyword-driven test automation further abstracts the process by allowing tests to be written in a more human-readable form that corresponds to business processes. This approach can improve maintainability and readability of test cases, making them easier to understand and modify. It's not necessarily the case that one is more maintainable or easier to develop than the other (Options C and D); rather, they serve different purposes in test automation strategy.
質問 # 37
You are involved in testing a system in the medical domain. Testing needs to comply with the FDA requirements and is rated as being safety critical. A product risk assessment has been performed and various mitigation actions have been identified. Reliability testing is one of the test types that needs to be performed throughout the development lifecycle.
Based on the information provided, which of the following activities would need to be addressed in the test plan?
- A. Testing whether the installation/de-installation can be completed.
- B. Design and execution of specific tests that evaluate the software's tolerance to faults in terms of handling unexpected input values.
- C. Design and execution of test cases for scalability.
- D. Perform a vulnerability scan.
正解：B
解説：
In the context of safety-critical systems, particularly in the medical domain, reliability is of utmost importance. For such systems, it is crucial to ensure that the software can handle unexpected input values and continue to operate without failure. This is essential to ensure patient safety and compliance with FDA requirements. Vulnerability scans (option A) are more related to security testing, whereas scalability (option C) and installation/de-installation (option D) are important but not specifically related to the reliability and safety criticality of the system in the medical domain.
質問 # 38
As a technical test analyst, you are involved in a risk analysis session using the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis technique. You are calculating risk priorities. Which of the following are the major factors in this exercise?
- A. Financial damage, frequency of use and external visibility
- B. Likelihood and impact
- C. Functionality, reliability, usability, maintainability, efficiency and portability
- D. Severity and priority
正解：B
解説：
Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is a structured approach to identify and address potential failures in a system, product, process, or service. The major factors involved in calculating risk priorities in FMEA are typically the severity of the potential failure, its likelihood of occurrence, and the ability to detect it. These factors are usually combined to form a Risk Priority Number (RPN) for each potential failure mode identified. However, the specific factors mentioned in the options like functionality, reliability, usability, maintainability, efficiency, and portability are quality characteristics that could be considered in an FMEA analysis but are not directly used for calculating risk priorities. Likewise, financial damage, frequency of use, and external visibility might influence the severity or impact of a failure, but they are not standard factors in calculating risk priorities in the context of FMEA. Therefore, the most relevant factors for calculating risk priorities in an FMEA context would typically be the likelihood of the failure occurring and its potential impact, which aligns with option C: Likelihood and impact.
It's important to note that while these explanations are based on general principles and practices related to fault seeding and FMEA, the specifics might vary slightly in different contexts or with different methodologies.
質問 # 39
Consider the pseudo code provided below:
Which of the following options provides a set of test cases that achieves 100% decision coverage for this code fragment, with the minimum number of test cases?
Assume that in the options, each of the three numbers in parenthesis represent the inputs for a test case, where the first number represents variable "a", the second number represents variable "b", and the third number represents variable "c".
- A. (5. 3, 2); (6, 4, 2); (5, 4, 0)
- B. (4,5. 0); {5, 4, 5)
- C. (5. 4, 0); (3, 2, 5); (4, 5, 0)
- D. (5. 3,2)
正解：A
解説：
To achieve 100% decision coverage with the minimum number of test cases, we need to ensure that every branch of the decision is taken at least once. For the code provided:
The first condition (a>b) is true for the first two test cases and false for the third.
The second condition (b>c) is true for the first test case, false for the second, and does not matter for the third since the first condition is false.
Therefore, with these three test cases, we cover all possible outcomes of the decision, ensuring 100% decision coverage.
質問 # 40
Assume you are involved in testing a Health Insurance Calculation system.
At the main screen one can enter information for a new client. The information to be provided consists of last name, first name and date of birth. After confirmation of the information, the system checks the age of the potential new client and calculates a proposed premium.
The system also has the option to request information for an existing client, using the client's ID number.
A keyword-driven automation approach is being used to automate most of the regression testing.
Based on the information provided, which TWO of the options provided would be the MOST LIKELY keywords for this application? (Choose two.)
- A. Remove_Client
- B. Exclude_Client
- C. Print_Premium
- D. Select_Client
- E. Enter_Client
正解：D、E
解説：
Considering the functionalities described for the Health Insurance Calculation system, the keywords would represent the main actions that can be performed in the system. 'Enter_Client' would be a keyword for entering new client information, which is a primary feature of the system as described. 'Select_Client' would be used to retrieve information for an existing client using the client's ID number, which is another main functionality. Other options such as 'Remove_Client', 'Print_Premium', and 'Exclude_Client' are not explicitly mentioned in the provided system functionalities, therefore, 'Enter_Client' and 'Select_Client' are the most likely keywords for automation.
質問 # 41
Which of the following defect types is NOT an example of a defect type typically found with API testing?
- A. High architectural structural complexity
- B. Data handling issues
- C. Timing problems
- D. Loss of transactions
正解：A
解説：
In the context of API testing, the defect types generally found are related to the specific interactions with the API, such as issues with data formatting, handling, validation, and the sequencing or timing of API calls. Architectural structural complexity is not typically a defect that would be identified at the API testing level. API tests are concerned with the interface and immediate integration points, not the overarching system architecture, which would be more relevant to design or system-level testing.
質問 # 42
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