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Professional-Machine-Learning-Engineer問題集PDFで100%合格保証付き [Q164-Q181]

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Professional-Machine-Learning-Engineer問題集PDFで100%合格保証付き

Professional-Machine-Learning-Engineerブレーン問題集でリアル試験最新問題2025年10月20日には290問題

質問 # 164
You are developing models to classify customer support emails. You created models with TensorFlow Estimators using small datasets on your on-premises system, but you now need to train the models using large datasets to ensure high performance. You will port your models to Google Cloud and want to minimize code refactoring and infrastructure overhead for easier migration from on-prem to cloud. What should you do?

  • A. Create a Managed Instance Group with autoscaling
  • B. Create a cluster on Dataproc for training
  • C. Use Kubeflow Pipelines to train on a Google Kubernetes Engine cluster.
  • D. Use Al Platform for distributed training

正解：D

解説：
AI platform also contains kubeflow pipelines. you don't need to set up infrastructure to use it. For D you need to set up a kubernetes cluster engine. The question asks us to minimize infrastructure overheard.


質問 # 165
While performing exploratory data analysis on a dataset, you find that an important categorical feature has 5% null values. You want to minimize the bias that could result from the missing values. How should you handle the missing values?

  • A. Replace the missing values with the feature's mean.
  • B. Remove the rows with missing values, and upsample your dataset by 5%.
  • C. Replace the missing values with a placeholder category indicating a missing value.
  • D. Move the rows with missing values to your validation dataset.

正解：C

解説：
The best option for handling missing values in a categorical feature is to replace them with a placeholder category indicating a missing value. This is a type of imputation, which is a method of estimating the missing values based on the observed data. Imputing the missing values with a placeholder category preserves the information that the data is missing, and avoids introducing bias or distortion in the feature distribution. It also allows the machine learning model to learn from the missingness pattern, and potentially use it as a predictor for the target variable. The other options are not suitable for handling missing values in a categorical feature, because:
* Removing the rows with missing values and upsampling the dataset by 5% would reduce the size of the dataset and potentially lose important information. It would also introduce sampling bias and overfitting, as the upsampling process would create duplicate or synthetic observations that do not reflect the true population.
* Replacing the missing values with the feature's mean would not make sense for a categorical feature, as the mean is a numerical measure that does not capture the mode or frequency of the categories. It would also create a new category that does not exist in the original data, and might confuse the machine learning model.
* Moving the rows with missing values to the validation dataset would compromise the validity and reliability of the model evaluation, as the validation dataset would not be representative of the test or production data. It would also reduce the amount of data available for training the model, and might introduce leakage or inconsistency between the training and validation datasets. References:
* Imputation of missing values
* Effective Strategies to Handle Missing Values in Data Analysis
* How to Handle Missing Values of Categorical Variables?
* Google Cloud launches machine learning engineer certification
* Google Professional Machine Learning Engineer Certification
* Professional ML Engineer Exam Guide
* Preparing for Google Cloud Certification: Machine Learning Engineer Professional Certificate


質問 # 166
You are training an object detection model using a Cloud TPU v2. Training time is taking longer than expected. Based on this simplified trace obtained with a Cloud TPU profile, what action should you take to decrease training time in a cost-efficient way?

  • A. Rewrite your input function to resize and reshape the input images.
  • B. Move from Cloud TPU v2 to Cloud TPU v3 and increase batch size.
  • C. Rewrite your input function using parallel reads, parallel processing, and prefetch.
  • D. Move from Cloud TPU v2 to 8 NVIDIA V100 GPUs and increase batch size.

正解：C

解説：
The trace in the question shows that the training time is taking longer than expected. This is likely due to the input function not being optimized. To decrease training time in a cost-efficient way, the best option is to rewrite the input function using parallel reads, parallel processing, and prefetch. This will allow the model to process the data more efficiently and decrease training time. References:
* [Cloud TPU Performance Guide]
* [Data input pipeline performance guide]


質問 # 167
You work for an online travel agency that also sells advertising placements on its website to other companies.
You have been asked to predict the most relevant web banner that a user should see next. Security is important to your company. The model latency requirements are 300ms@p99, the inventory is thousands of web banners, and your exploratory analysis has shown thatnavigation context is a good predictor. You want to Implement the simplest solution. How should you configure the prediction pipeline?

  • A. Embed the client on the website, deploy the gateway on App Engine, deploy the database on Memorystore for writing and for reading the user's navigation context, and then deploy the model on Google Kubernetes Engine.
  • B. Embed the client on the website, deploy the gateway on App Engine, deploy the database on Cloud Bigtable for writing and for reading the user's navigation context, and then deploy the model on AI Platform Prediction.
  • C. Embed the client on the website, and then deploy the model on AI Platform Prediction.
  • D. Embed the client on the website, deploy the gateway on App Engine, and then deploy the model on AI Platform Prediction.

正解：C

解説：
In this scenario, the goal is to predict the most relevant web banner that a user should see next on an online travel agency's website. The model needs to have low latency requirements of 300ms@p99, and there are thousands of web banners to choose from. The exploratory analysis has shown that the navigation context is a good predictor. Security is also important to the company. Given these requirements, the best configuration for the prediction pipeline would be to embed the client on the website and deploy the model on AI Platform Prediction. Option A is the correct answer.
Option A: Embed the client on the website, and then deploy the model on AI Platform Prediction. This option is the simplest solution that meets the requirements. The client can collect the user's navigation context and send it to the model deployed on AI Platform Prediction for prediction. AI Platform Prediction can handle large-scale prediction requests and has low latency requirements. This option does not require any additional infrastructure or services, making it the simplest solution.
Option B: Embed the client on the website, deploy the gateway on App Engine, and then deploy the model on AI Platform Prediction. This option adds an additional layer of infrastructure by deploying the gateway on App Engine. While App Engine can handle large-scale requests, it adds complexity to the pipeline and may not be necessary for this use case.
Option C: Embed the client on the website, deploy the gateway on App Engine, deploy the database on Cloud Bigtable for writing and for reading the user's navigation context, and then deploy the model on AI Platform Prediction. This option adds even more complexity to the pipeline by deploying the database on Cloud Bigtable. While Cloud Bigtable can provide fast and scalable access to the user's navigation context, it may not be needed for this use case. Moreover, Cloud Bigtable may introduce additional latency and cost to the pipeline.
Option D: Embed the client on the website, deploy the gateway on App Engine, deploy the database on Memorystore for writing and for reading the user's navigation context, and then deploy the model on Google Kubernetes Engine. This option is the most complex and costly solution that does not meet the requirements.
Deploying the model on Google Kubernetes Engine requires more management and configuration than AI Platform Prediction. Moreover, Google Kubernetes Engine may not be able to meet the low latency requirements of 300ms@p99. Deploying the database on Memorystore also adds unnecessary overhead and cost to the pipeline.
References:
* AI Platform Prediction documentation
* App Engine documentation
* Cloud Bigtable documentation
* [Memorystore documentation]
* [Google Kubernetes Engine documentation]


質問 # 168
You have trained a deep neural network model on Google Cloud. The model has low loss on the training data, but is performing worse on the validation dat a. You want the model to be resilient to overfitting. Which strategy should you use when retraining the model?

  • A. Apply a dropout parameter of 0 2, and decrease the learning rate by a factor of 10
  • B. Run a hyperparameter tuning job on Al Platform to optimize for the L2 regularization and dropout parameters
  • C. Apply a 12 regularization parameter of 0.4, and decrease the learning rate by a factor of 10.
  • D. Run a hyperparameter tuning job on Al Platform to optimize for the learning rate, and increase the number of neurons by a factor of 2.

正解：B

解説：
https://machinelearningmastery.com/introduction-to-regularization-to-reduce-overfitting-and-improve-generalization-error/


質問 # 169
You recently designed and built a custom neural network that uses critical dependencies specific to your organization's framework. You need to train the model using a managed training service on Google Cloud.
However, the ML framework and related dependencies are not supported by Al Platform Training. Also, both your model and your data are too large to fit in memory on a single machine. Your ML framework of choice uses the scheduler, workers, and servers distribution structure. What should you do?

  • A. Use a built-in model available on Al Platform Training
  • B. Build your custom container to run jobs on Al Platform Training
  • C. Reconfigure your code to a ML framework with dependencies that are supported by Al Platform Training
  • D. Build your custom containers to run distributed training jobs on Al Platform Training

正解：D

解説：
AI Platform Training is a service that allows you to run your machine learning training jobs on Google Cloud using various features, model architectures, and hyperparameters. You can use AI Platform Training to scale up your training jobs, leverage distributed training, and access specialized hardware such as GPUs and TPUs1. AI Platform Training supports several pre-built containers that provide different ML frameworks and dependencies, such as TensorFlow, PyTorch, scikit-learn, and XGBoost2. However, if the ML framework and related dependencies that you need are not supported by the pre-built containers, you can build your own custom containers and use them to run your training jobs on AI Platform Training3.
Custom containers are Docker images that you create to run your training application. By using custom containers, you can specify and pre-install all the dependencies needed for your application, and have full control over the code, serving, and deployment of your model4. Custom containers also enable you to run distributed training jobs on AI Platform Training, which can help you train large-scale and complex models faster and more efficiently5. Distributed training is a technique that splits the training data and computation across multiple machines, and coordinates them to update the model parameters. AI Platform Training supports two types of distributed training: parameter server andcollective all-reduce. The parameter server architecture consists of a set of workers that perform the computation, and a set of servers that store and update the model parameters. The collective all-reduce architecture consists of a set of workers that perform the computation and synchronize the model parameters among themselves. Both architectures also have a scheduler that coordinates the workers and servers.
For the use case of training a custom neural network that uses critical dependencies specific to your organization's framework, the best option is to build your custom containers to run distributed training jobs on AI Platform Training. This option allows you to use the ML framework and dependencies of your choice, and train your model on multiple machines without having to manage the infrastructure. Since your ML framework of choice uses the scheduler, workers, and servers distribution structure, you can use the parameter server architecture to run your distributed training job on AI Platform Training. You can specify the number and type of machines, the custom container image, and the training application arguments when you submit your training job. Therefore, building your custom containers to run distributed training jobs on AI Platform Training is the best option for this use case.
References:
* AI Platform Training documentation
* Pre-built containers for training
* Custom containers for training
* Custom containers overview | Vertex AI | Google Cloud
* Distributed training overview
* [Types of distributed training]
* [Distributed training architectures]
* [Using custom containers for training with the parameter server architecture]


質問 # 170
You work for a large social network service provider whose users post articles and discuss news. Millions of comments are posted online each day, and more than 200 human moderators constantly review comments and flag those that are inappropriate. Your team is building an ML model to help human moderators check content on the platform. The model scores each comment and flags suspicious comments to be reviewed by a human. Which metric(s) should you use to monitor the model's performance?

  • A. Number of messages flagged by the model per minute confirmed as being inappropriate by humans.
  • B. Number of messages flagged by the model per minute
  • C. Precision and recall estimates based on a random sample of 0.1% of raw messages each minute sent to a human for review
  • D. Precision and recall estimates based on a sample of messages flagged by the model as potentially inappropriate each minute

正解：A


質問 # 171
You trained a model, packaged it with a custom Docker container for serving, and deployed it to Vertex Al Model Registry. When you submit a batch prediction job, it fails with this error "Error model server never became ready Please validate that your model file or container configuration are valid. There are no additional errors in the logs What should you do?

  • A. Change the health Route value in your models configuration to /heal thcheck.
  • B. Pull the Docker image locally and use the decker run command to launch it locally. Use the docker logs command to explore the error logs.
  • C. Add a logging configuration to your application to emit logs to Cloud Logging.
  • D. Change the HTTP port in your model's configuration to the default value of 8080

正解：D

解説：
When you deploy a custom container to Vertex AI Model Registry, you need to follow some requirements for the container configuration. One of these requirements is to use the HTTP port 8080 forserving predictions. If you use a different port, the model server might not be able to communicate with Vertex AI and cause the error "Error model server never became ready". To fix this error, you need to change the HTTP port in your model's configuration to the default value of 8080 and redeploy the container. References:
* Custom container requirements documentation
* Preparing for Google Cloud Certification: Machine Learning Engineer Professional Certificate


質問 # 172
You work on a team that builds state-of-the-art deep learning models by using the TensorFlow framework. Your team runs multiple ML experiments each week which makes it difficult to track the experiment runs. You want a simple approach to effectively track, visualize and debug ML experiment runs on Google Cloud while minimizing any overhead code. How should you proceed?

  • A. Set up a Vertex Al Workbench notebook instance Use the instance to save metrics data in a Cloud Storage bucket and to host TensorBoard locally for visualization.
  • B. Set up Vertex Al Experiments to track metrics and parameters Configure Vertex Al TensorBoard for visualization.
  • C. Set up a Cloud Function to write and save metrics files to a Cloud Storage Bucket Configure a Google Cloud VM to host TensorBoard locally for visualization.
  • D. Set up a Cloud Function to write and save metrics files to a BigQuery table. Configure a Google Cloud VM to host TensorBoard locally for visualization.

正解：B

解説：
Vertex AI Experiments is a service that allows you to track, compare, and optimize your ML experiments on Google Cloud. You can use Vertex AI Experiments to log metrics and parameters from your TensorFlow models, and then visualize them in Vertex AI TensorBoard. Vertex AI TensorBoard is a managed service that provides a web interface for viewing and debugging your ML experiments. You can use Vertex AI TensorBoard to compare different runs, inspect model graphs, analyze scalars, histograms, images, and more. By using Vertex AI Experiments and Vertex AI TensorBoard, you can simplify your ML experiment tracking and visualization workflow, and avoid the overhead of setting up and maintaining your own Cloud Functions, Cloud Storage buckets, or VMs. Reference:
[Vertex AI Experiments documentation]
[Vertex AI TensorBoard documentation]
Preparing for Google Cloud Certification: Machine Learning Engineer Professional Certificate


質問 # 173
You manage a team of data scientists who use a cloud-based backend system to submit training jobs. This system has become very difficult to administer, and you want to use a managed service instead. The data scientists you work with use many different frameworks, including Keras, PyTorch, theano. Scikit-team, and custom libraries. What should you do?

  • A. Set up Slurm workload manager to receive jobs that can be scheduled to run on your cloud infrastructure.
  • B. Use the Al Platform custom containers feature to receive training jobs using any framework
  • C. Create a library of VM images on Compute Engine; and publish these images on a centralized repository
  • D. Configure Kubeflow to run on Google Kubernetes Engine and receive training jobs through TFJob

正解：B

解説：
A cloud-based backend system is a system that runs on a cloud platform and provides services or resources to other applications or users. A cloud-based backend system can be used to submit training jobs, which are tasks that involve training a machine learning model on a given dataset using a specific framework and configuration1 However, a cloud-based backend system can also have some drawbacks, such as:
* High maintenance: A cloud-based backend system may require a lot of administration and management, such as provisioning, scaling, monitoring, and troubleshooting the cloud resources and services. This can be time-consuming and costly, and may distract from the core business objectives2
* Low flexibility: A cloud-based backend system may not support all the frameworks and libraries that the data scientists need to use for their training jobs. This can limit the choices and capabilities of the data scientists, and affect the quality and performance of their models3
* Poor integration: A cloud-based backend system may not integrate well with other cloud services or tools that the data scientists need to use for their machine learning workflows, such as data processing, model deployment, or model monitoring. This can create compatibility and interoperability issues, and reduce the efficiency and productivity of the data scientists.
Therefore, it may be better to use a managed service instead of a cloud-based backend system to submit training jobs. A managed service is a service that is provided and operated by a third-party provider, and offers various benefits, such as:
* Low maintenance: A managed service handles the administration and management of the cloud resources and services, and abstracts away the complexity and details of the underlying infrastructure. This can save time and money, and allow the data scientists to focus on their core tasks2
* High flexibility: A managed service can support multiple frameworks and libraries that the data scientists need to use for their training jobs, and allow them to customize and configure their training
* environments and parameters. This can enhance the choices and capabilities of the data scientists, and improve the quality and performance of their models3
* Easy integration: A managed service can integrate seamlessly with other cloud services or tools that the data scientists need to use for their machine learning workflows, and provide a unified and consistent interface and experience. This can solve the compatibility and interoperability issues, and increase the efficiency and productivity of the data scientists.
One of the best options for using a managed service to submit training jobs is to use the AI Platform custom containers feature to receive training jobs using any framework. AI Platform is a Google Cloud service that provides a platform for building, deploying, and managing machine learning models. AI Platform supports various machine learning frameworks, such as TensorFlow, PyTorch, scikit-learn, and XGBoost, and provides various features, such as hyperparameter tuning, distributed training, online prediction, and model monitoring.
The AI Platform custom containers feature allows the data scientists to use any framework or library that they want for their training jobs, and package their training application and dependencies as a Docker container image. The data scientists can then submit their training jobs to AI Platform, and specify the container image and the training parameters. AI Platform will run the training jobs on the cloud infrastructure, and handle the scaling, logging, and monitoring of the training jobs. The data scientists can also use the AI Platform features to optimize, deploy, and manage their models.
The other options are not as suitable or feasible. Configuring Kubeflow to run on Google Kubernetes Engine and receive training jobs through TFJob is not ideal, as Kubeflow is mainly designed for TensorFlow-based training jobs, and does not support other frameworks or libraries. Creating a library of VM images on Compute Engine and publishing these images on a centralized repository is not optimal, as Compute Engine is a low-level service that requires a lot of administration and management, and does not provide the features and integrations of AI Platform. Setting up Slurm workload manager to receive jobs that can be scheduled to run on your cloud infrastructure is not relevant, as Slurm is a tool for managing and scheduling jobs on a cluster of nodes, and does not provide a managed service for training jobs.
References: 1: Cloud computing 2: Managed services 3: Machine learning frameworks : [Machine learning workflow] : [AI Platform overview] : [Custom containers for training]


質問 # 174
You are responsible for building a unified analytics environment across a variety of on-premises data marts. Your company is experiencing data quality and security challenges when integrating data across the servers, caused by the use of a wide range of disconnected tools and temporary solutions. You need a fully managed, cloud-native data integration service that will lower the total cost of work and reduce repetitive work. Some members on your team prefer a codeless interface for building Extract, Transform, Load (ETL) process. Which service should you use?

  • A. Dataprep
  • B. Cloud Data Fusion
  • C. Dataflow
  • D. Apache Flink

正解：B

解説：
https://cloud.google.com/data-fusion/docs/concepts/overview#using_the_code-free_web_ui


質問 # 175
As the lead ML Engineer for your company, you are responsible for building ML models to digitize scanned customer forms. You have developed a TensorFlow model that converts the scanned images into text and stores them in Cloud Storage. You need to use your ML model on the aggregated data collected at the end of each day with minimal manual intervention. What should you do?

  • A. Create a serving pipeline in Compute Engine for prediction
  • B. Use the batch prediction functionality of Al Platform
  • C. Use Cloud Functions for prediction each time a new data point is ingested
  • D. Deploy the model on Al Platform and create a version of it for online inference.

正解：B

解説：
Batch prediction is the process of using an ML model to make predictions on a large set of data points. Batch prediction is suitable for scenarios where the predictions are not time-sensitive and can be done in batches, such as digitizing scanned customer forms at the end of each day. Batch prediction can also handle large volumes of data and scale up or down the resources as needed. AI Platform provides a batch prediction service that allows users to submit a job with their TensorFlow model and input data stored in Cloud Storage, and receive the output predictions in Cloud Storageas well. This service requires minimal manual intervention and can be automated with Cloud Scheduler or Cloud Functions. Therefore, using the batch prediction functionality of AI Platform is the best option for this use case.
References:
* Batch prediction overview
* Using batch prediction


質問 # 176
You are implementing a batch inference ML pipeline in Google Cloud. The model was developed by using TensorFlow and is stored in SavedModel format in Cloud Storage. You need to apply the model to a historical dataset that is stored in a BigQuery table. You want to perform inference with minimal effort. What should you do?

  • A. Export the historical data to Cloud Storage in Avro format. Configure a Vertex Al batch prediction job to generate predictions for the exported data.
  • B. Configure and deploy a Vertex Al endpoint. Use the endpoint to get predictions from the historical data in BigQuery.
  • C. Import the TensorFlow model by using the create model statement in BigQuery ML. Apply the historical data to the TensorFlow model.
  • D. Export the historical data to Cloud Storage in CSV format. Configure a Vertex Al batch prediction job to generate predictions for the exported data.

正解：A

解説：
Vertex AI batch prediction is the most appropriate and efficient way to apply a pre-trained model like TensorFlow's SavedModel to a large dataset, especially for batch processing.
The Vertex AI batch prediction job works by exporting your dataset (in this case, historical data from BigQuery) to a suitable format (like Avro or CSV) and then processing it in Cloud Storage where the model is stored.
Avro format is recommended for large datasets as it is highly efficient for data storage and is optimized for read/write operations in Google Cloud, which is why option B is correct.
Option A suggests using BigQuery ML for inference, but it does not support running arbitrary TensorFlow models directly within BigQuery ML. Hence, BigQuery ML is not a valid option for this particular task.
Option C (exporting to CSV) is a valid alternative but is less efficient compared to Avro in terms of performance.
Option D suggests deploying a Vertex AI endpoint, which is better suited for real-time inference rather than batch inference. Since the question asks for batch inference, B is the best answer.


質問 # 177
You work on a growing team of more than 50 data scientists who all use Al Platform. You are designing a strategy to organize your jobs, models, and versions in a clean and scalable way. Which strategy should you choose?

  • A. Set up a BigQuery sink for Cloud Logging logs that is appropriately filtered to capture information about Al Platform resource usage In BigQuery create a SQL view that maps users to the resources they are using.
  • B. Use labels to organize resources into descriptive categories. Apply a label to each created resource so that users can filter the results by label when viewing or monitoring the resources
  • C. Set up restrictive I AM permissions on the Al Platform notebooks so that only a single user or group can access a given instance.
  • D. Separate each data scientist's work into a different project to ensure that the jobs, models, and versions created by each data scientist are accessible only to that user.

正解：B

解説：
Labels are key-value pairs that can be attached to any AI Platform resource, such as jobs, models, versions, or endpoints1. Labels can help you organize your resources into descriptive categories, such as project, team, environment, or purpose. You can use labels to filter the results when you list or monitor your resources, or to group them for billing or quota purposes2. Using labels is a simple and scalable way to manage your AI Platform resources without creating unnecessary complexity or overhead. Therefore, using labels to organize resources is the best strategy for this use case.
Reference:
Using labels
Filtering and grouping by labels


質問 # 178
You are an ML engineer in the contact center of a large enterprise. You need to build a sentiment analysis tool that predicts customer sentiment from recorded phone conversations. You need to identify the best approach to building a model while ensuring that the gender, age, and cultural differences of the customers who called the contact center do not impact any stage of the model development pipeline and results. What should you do?

  • A. Convert the speech to text and extract sentiments based on the sentences
  • B. Convert the speech to text and extract sentiment using syntactical analysis
  • C. Extract sentiment directly from the voice recordings
  • D. Convert the speech to text and build a model based on the words

正解：A

解説：
Sentiment analysis is the process of identifying and extracting the emotions, opinions, and attitudes expressed in a text or speech. Sentiment analysis can help businesses understand their customers' feedback, satisfaction, and preferences. There are different approaches to building a sentiment analysis tool, depending on the input data and the output format. Some of the common approaches are:
* Extracting sentiment directly from the voice recordings: This approach involves using acoustic features, such as pitch, intensity, and prosody, to infer the sentiment of the speaker. This approach can capture the nuances and subtleties of the vocal expression, but it also requires a large and diverse dataset of labeled voice recordings, which may not be easily available or accessible. Moreover, this approach may not account for the semantic and contextual information of the speech, which can also affect the sentiment.
* Converting the speech to text and building a model based on the words: This approach involves using automatic speech recognition (ASR) to transcribe the voice recordings into text, and then using lexical features, such as word frequency, polarity, and valence, to infer the sentiment of the text. This approach can leverage the existing text-based sentiment analysis models and tools, but it also introduces some challenges, such as the accuracy and reliability of the ASR system, the ambiguity and variability of the natural language, and the loss of the acoustic information of the speech.
* Converting the speech to text and extracting sentiments based on the sentences: This approach involves using ASR to transcribe the voice recordings into text, and then using syntactic and semantic features, such as sentence structure, word order, and meaning, to infer the sentiment of the text. This approach can capture the higher-level and complex aspects of the natural language, such as negation, sarcasm, and irony, which can affect the sentiment. However, this approach also requires more sophisticated and advanced natural language processing techniques, such as parsing, dependency analysis, and semantic role labeling, which may not be readily available or easy to implement.
* Converting the speech to text and extracting sentiment using syntactical analysis: This approach involves using ASR to transcribe the voice recordings into text, and then using syntactical analysis, such as part-of-speech tagging, phrase chunking, and constituency parsing, to infer the sentiment of the text.
This approach can identify the grammatical and structural elements of the natural language, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and clauses, which can indicate the sentiment. However, this approach may not account for the pragmatic and contextual information of the speech, such as the speaker's intention, tone, and situation, which can also influence the sentiment.
For the use case of building a sentiment analysis tool that predicts customer sentiment from recorded phone conversations, the best approach is to convert the speech to text and extract sentiments based on the sentences.
This approach can balance the trade-offs between the accuracy, complexity, and feasibility of the sentiment analysis tool, while ensuring that the gender, age, and cultural differences of the customers who called the contact center do not impact any stage of the model development pipeline and results. This approach can also handle different types and levels of sentiment, such as polarity (positive, negative, or neutral), intensity (strong or weak), and emotion (anger, joy, sadness, etc.). Therefore, converting the speech to text and extracting sentiments based on the sentences is the best approach for this use case.


質問 # 179
You have deployed a model on Vertex AI for real-time inference. During an online prediction request, you get an "Out of Memory" error. What should you do?

  • A. Apply for a quota increase for the number of prediction requests.
  • B. Use base64 to encode your data before using it for prediction.
  • C. Send the request again with a smaller batch of instances.
  • D. Use batch prediction mode instead of online mode.

正解：C

解説：
* Option A is incorrect because using batch prediction mode instead of online mode does not solve the
"Out of Memory" error, but rather changes the latency and throughput of the prediction service. Batch prediction mode is suitable for large-scale, asynchronous, and non-urgent predictions, while online prediction mode is suitable for low-latency, synchronous, and real-time predictions1.
* Option B is correct because sending the request again with a smaller batch of instances can reduce the memory consumption of the prediction service and avoid the "Out of Memory" error. The batch size is the number of instances that are processed together in one request. A smaller batch size means less data to load into memory at once2.
* Option C is incorrect because using base64 to encode your data before using it for prediction does not reduce the memory consumption of the prediction service, but rather increases it. Base64 encoding is a way of representing binary data as ASCII characters, which increases the size of the data by about
33%3. Base64 encoding is only required for certain data types, such as images and audio, that cannot be represented as JSON or CSV4.
* Option D is incorrect because applying for a quota increase for the number of prediction requests does not solve the "Out of Memory" error, but rather increases the number of requests that can be sent to the prediction service per day. Quotas are limits on the usage of Google Cloud resources, such as CPU, memory, disk, and network5. Quotas do not affect the performance of the prediction service, but rather the availability and cost of the service.
References:
* Choosing between online and batch prediction
* Online prediction input data
* Base64 encoding
* Preparing data for prediction
* Quotas and limits


質問 # 180
You received a training-serving skew alert from a Vertex Al Model Monitoring job running in production.
You retrained the model with more recent training data, and deployed it back to the Vertex Al endpoint but you are still receiving the same alert. What should you do?

  • A. Temporarily disable the alert Enable the alert again after a sufficient amount of new production traffic has passed through the Vertex Al endpoint.
  • B. Update the model monitoring job to use the more recent training data that was used to retrain the model.
  • C. Update the model monitoring job to use a lower sampling rate.
  • D. Temporarily disable the alert until the model can be retrained again on newer training data Retrain the model again after a sufficient amount of new production traffic has passed through the Vertex Al endpoint

正解：B

解説：
The best option for resolving the training-serving skew alert is to update the model monitoring job to use the more recent training data that was used to retrain the model. This option can help align the baseline distribution of the model monitoring job with the current distribution of the production data, and eliminate the false positive alerts. Model Monitoring is a service that can track and compare the results of multiple machine learning runs. Model Monitoring can monitor the model's prediction input data for feature skew and drift.
Training-serving skew occurs when the feature data distribution in production deviates from the feature data distribution used to train the model. If the original training data is available, you can enable skew detection to monitor your models for training-serving skew. Model Monitoring uses TensorFlow Data Validation (TFDV) to calculate the distributions and distance scores for each feature, and compares them with a baseline distribution. The baseline distribution is the statistical distribution of the feature's values in the training data. If the distance score for a feature exceeds an alerting threshold that you set, Model Monitoring sends you an email alert. However, if you retrain the model with more recent training data, and deploy it back to the Vertex AI endpoint, the baseline distribution of the model monitoring job may become outdated and inconsistent with the current distribution of the production data. This can cause the model monitoring job to generate false positive alerts, even if the model performance is not deteriorated. To avoid this problem, you need to update the model monitoring job to use the more recent training data that was used to retrain the model. This can help the model monitoring job to recalculate the baseline distribution and the distance scores, and compare them with the current distribution of the production data. This can also help the model monitoring job to detect any true positive alerts, such as a sudden change in the production data that causes the model performance to degrade1.
The other options are not as good as option B, for the following reasons:
* Option A: Updating the model monitoring job to use a lower sampling rate would not resolve the training-serving skew alert, and could reduce the accuracy and reliability of the model monitoring job.
The sampling rate is a parameter that determines the percentage of prediction requests that are logged and analyzed by the model monitoring job. Using a lower sampling rate can reduce the storage and computation costs of the model monitoring job, but also the quality and validity of the data. Using a lower sampling rate can introduce sampling bias and noise into the data, and make the model monitoring job miss some important features or patterns of the data. Moreover, using a lower sampling rate would not address the root cause of the training-serving skew alert, which is the mismatch between the baseline distribution and the current distribution of the production data2.
* Option C: Temporarily disabling the alert, and enabling the alert again after a sufficient amount of new production traffic has passed through the Vertex AI endpoint, would not resolve the training-serving skew alert, and could expose the model to potential risks and errors. Disabling the alert would stop the model monitoring job from sending email notifications when the distance score for a feature exceeds the
* alerting threshold, but it would not stop the model monitoring job from calculating and comparing the distributions and distance scores. Therefore, disabling the alert would not address the root cause of the training-serving skew alert, which is the mismatch between the baseline distribution and the current distribution of the production data. Moreover, disabling the alert would prevent the model monitoring job from detecting any true positive alerts, such as a sudden change in the production data that causes the model performance to degrade. This can expose the model to potential risks and errors, and affect the user satisfaction and trust1.
* Option D: Temporarily disabling the alert until the model can be retrained again on newer training data, and retraining the model again after a sufficient amount of new production traffic has passed through the Vertex AI endpoint, would not resolve the training-serving skew alert, and could cause unnecessary costs and efforts. Disabling the alert would stop the model monitoring job from sending email notifications when the distance score for a featureexceeds the alerting threshold, but it would not stop the model monitoring job from calculating and comparing the distributions and distance scores.
Therefore, disabling the alert would not address the root cause of the training-serving skew alert, which is the mismatch between the baseline distribution and the current distribution of the production data.
Moreover, disabling the alert would prevent the model monitoring job from detecting any true positive alerts, such as a sudden change in the production data that causes the model performance to degrade.
This can expose the model to potential risks and errors, and affect the user satisfaction and trust.
Retraining the model again on newer training data would create a new model version, but it would not update the model monitoring job to use the newer training data as the baseline distribution. Therefore, retraining the model again on newer training data would not resolve the training-serving skew alert, and could cause unnecessary costs and efforts1.
References:
* Preparing for Google Cloud Certification: Machine Learning Engineer, Course 3: Production ML Systems, Week 4: Evaluation
* Google Cloud Professional Machine Learning Engineer Exam Guide, Section 3: Scaling ML models in production, 3.3 Monitoring ML models in production
* Official Google Cloud Certified Professional Machine Learning Engineer Study Guide, Chapter 6:
Production ML Systems, Section 6.3: Monitoring ML Models
* Using Model Monitoring
* Understanding the score threshold slider
* Sampling rate


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